[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1266},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:superheater":45,"glossary-related:superheater":229},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":53,"category":208,"description":209,"extension":210,"meta":211,"navigation":212,"path":213,"relatedTerms":214,"seo":220,"sources":223,"stem":227,"term":47,"__hash__":228},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater.md","Superheater",[49,50,51,52],"superheaters","primary superheater","secondary superheater","finishing superheater",{"type":54,"value":55,"toc":201},"minimark",[56,71,76,120,124,136,160,163,167],[57,58,59,60,64,65,70],"p",{},"A ",[61,62,63],"strong",{},"superheater"," is a tube bank in a boiler's ",[66,67,69],"a",{"href":68},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fconvective-pass-backpass","convective pass"," that raises the steam temperature beyond its saturation point using residual heat from the flue gas. Most utility boilers have at least two superheater stages: a primary superheater (cooler gas) and a secondary or finishing superheater (closest to the furnace, hottest gas).",[72,73,75],"h2",{"id":74},"fouling","Fouling",[77,78,79,94,100],"ul",{},[80,81,82,88,89,93],"li",{},[61,83,84],{},[66,85,87],{"href":86},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fslagging","Slagging"," on the finishing superheater — semi-molten ash from the ",[66,90,92],{"href":91},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffurnace","furnace"," deposits on the hottest tubes",[80,95,96,99],{},[61,97,98],{},"Bonded ash"," on the primary superheater — drier deposits that sinter under sustained temperature",[80,101,102,105,106,110,111,114,115,119],{},[61,103,104],{},"Sodium \u002F potassium-rich deposits"," on ",[66,107,109],{"href":108},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","biomass",", ",[66,112,113],{"href":108},"WtE"," and ",[66,116,118],{"href":117},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frecovery-boiler","recovery boilers"," — sticky, low-melting, aggressive",[72,121,123],{"id":122},"cleaning","Cleaning",[57,125,126,127,114,131,135],{},"Steam ",[66,128,130],{"href":129},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsteam-sootblower","sootblowers",[66,132,134],{"href":133},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","sonic horns"," work together:",[77,137,138,141,149],{},[80,139,140],{},"Sootblowers attack hard slag on the finishing superheater",[80,142,143,144,148],{},"Sonic horns (",[66,145,147],{"href":146},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","60–125 Hz",") keep dry ash from consolidating on the primary superheater and convective superheater",[80,150,151,155,156,159],{},[66,152,154],{"href":153},"\u002Fglossary\u002Finfrasonic-cleaner","Infrasonic cleaners"," below 30 Hz are used on deep ",[66,157,158],{"href":117},"recovery-boiler"," superheater cavities",[57,161,162],{},"The combination extends the interval between major water-washes and reduces steam-attemperation requirements that mask deteriorating heat transfer.",[72,164,166],{"id":165},"related-terms","Related terms",[77,168,169,175,180,186,190,195],{},[80,170,171],{},[66,172,174],{"href":173},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fboiler","Boiler",[80,176,177],{},[66,178,179],{"href":68},"Convective pass \u002F backpass",[80,181,182],{},[66,183,185],{"href":184},"\u002Fglossary\u002Freheater","Reheater",[80,187,188],{},[66,189,87],{"href":86},[80,191,192],{},[66,193,194],{"href":133},"Sonic horn",[80,196,197],{},[66,198,200],{"href":199},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-sootblower","Sonic sootblower",{"title":202,"searchDepth":203,"depth":203,"links":204},"",2,[205,206,207],{"id":74,"depth":203,"text":75},{"id":122,"depth":203,"text":123},{"id":165,"depth":203,"text":166},"boiler","A superheater is a tube bank in a boiler's convective pass that raises the steam temperature beyond its saturation point using residual heat from the flue gas. Most utility boilers have at least two superheater stages: a primary superheater (cooler gas) and a secondary or finishing superheater (closest to the furnace, hottest gas).","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater",[208,215,216,217,218,219],"convective-pass-backpass","reheater","slagging","sonic-horn","sonic-sootblower",{"title":221,"description":222},"Superheater — boiler tube bank that raises steam temperature beyond saturation","A superheater is a tube bank that raises steam temperature beyond the saturation point using flue-gas heat. Sticky alkali ash and slag deposits are the dominant fouling concerns.",[224],{"title":225,"url":226},"Wikipedia — Superheater","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSuperheater","glossary\u002Fsuperheater","hYVXyyVmlWCU3AXfAl0l3YAhHpWty_akkDsBJGC_NDs",[230,468,594,672,824,1050],{"id":231,"title":174,"aliases":232,"body":236,"category":208,"description":448,"extension":210,"meta":449,"navigation":212,"path":173,"relatedTerms":450,"seo":456,"sources":459,"stem":466,"term":174,"__hash__":467},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fboiler.md",[233,234,235],"industrial boiler","utility boiler","steam generator",{"type":54,"value":237,"toc":443},[238,259,263,381,385,412,414],[57,239,59,240,242,243,110,245,114,247,250,251,114,255,258],{},[61,241,208],{}," is a closed vessel in which fuel chemical energy is converted to steam by transferring heat into water flowing through tube banks. Industrial and utility boilers serve electricity generation, district heating, process steam, ",[66,244,113],{"href":108},[66,246,109],{"href":108},[66,248,249],{"href":117},"pulp-and-paper"," operations. All of them foul; the only variables are ",[252,253,254],"em",{},"how much",[252,256,257],{},"with what",".",[72,260,262],{"id":261},"boiler-families","Boiler families",[264,265,266,282],"table",{},[267,268,269],"thead",{},[270,271,272,276,279],"tr",{},[273,274,275],"th",{},"Type",[273,277,278],{},"Fuel",[273,280,281],{},"Notes",[283,284,285,300,314,328,341,355,366],"tbody",{},[270,286,287,294,297],{},[288,289,290],"td",{},[66,291,293],{"href":292},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpc-boiler","PC boiler",[288,295,296],{},"Pulverised coal",[288,298,299],{},"Dominant utility design",[270,301,302,308,311],{},[288,303,304],{},[66,305,307],{"href":306},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcfb-boiler","CFB boiler",[288,309,310],{},"Coal, biomass, RDF, lignite",[288,312,313],{},"Tolerates wider fuel range; lower NOx",[270,315,316,322,325],{},[288,317,318],{},[66,319,321],{"href":320},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbfb-boiler","BFB boiler",[288,323,324],{},"Biomass, sludge, low-grade fuels",[288,326,327],{},"Bubbling fluidised bed",[270,329,330,335,338],{},[288,331,332],{},[66,333,334],{"href":117},"Recovery boiler",[288,336,337],{},"Black liquor (kraft pulp mills)",[288,339,340],{},"Combines chemicals recovery with steam",[270,342,343,349,352],{},[288,344,345],{},[66,346,348],{"href":347},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhog-fuel-boiler-bark-boiler","Hog-fuel boiler",[288,350,351],{},"Wood waste, bark",[288,353,354],{},"Common at pulp mills as side boilers",[270,356,357,360,363],{},[288,358,359],{},"Gas \u002F oil boiler",[288,361,362],{},"Natural gas, fuel oil",[288,364,365],{},"Lower particulate, less fouling",[270,367,368,371,374],{},[288,369,370],{},"HRSG",[288,372,373],{},"Gas-turbine exhaust",[288,375,376,377],{},"See ",[66,378,380],{"href":379},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fheat-recovery-steam-generator","heat-recovery steam generator",[72,382,384],{"id":383},"where-sonic-horns-sit","Where sonic horns sit",[57,386,387,390,391,110,395,110,397,114,399,403,404,406,407,411],{},[66,388,389],{"href":133},"Sonic horns"," installed across the convective pass — between ",[66,392,394],{"href":393},"\u002Fglossary\u002Feconomiser","economiser",[66,396,49],{"href":213},[66,398,216],{"href":184},[66,400,402],{"href":401},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fair-heater","air heater"," — dislodge ash and soot continuously, supplementing or partially replacing steam ",[66,405,130],{"href":129},". The benefit shows up as ",[66,408,410],{"href":409},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fheat-rate","heat rate"," recovery, deferred outages and longer intervals between water washes.",[72,413,166],{"id":165},[77,415,416,420,424,428,434,439],{},[80,417,418],{},[66,419,293],{"href":292},[80,421,422],{},[66,423,307],{"href":306},[80,425,426],{},[66,427,334],{"href":117},[80,429,430],{},[66,431,433],{"href":432},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaterwall","Waterwall",[80,435,436],{},[66,437,438],{"href":393},"Economiser",[80,440,441],{},[66,442,194],{"href":133},{"title":202,"searchDepth":203,"depth":203,"links":444},[445,446,447],{"id":261,"depth":203,"text":262},{"id":383,"depth":203,"text":384},{"id":165,"depth":203,"text":166},"A boiler is a closed vessel in which fuel chemical energy is converted to steam by transferring heat into water flowing through tube banks. Industrial and utility boilers serve electricity generation, district heating, process steam, WtE, biomass and pulp-and-paper operations. All of them foul; the only variables are how much and with what.",{},[451,452,453,158,454,394,63,455,218],"pc-boiler","cfb-boiler","bfb-boiler","waterwall","air-heater",{"title":457,"description":458},"Boiler — industrial steam generator types and acoustic-cleaning needs","A boiler is a vessel that converts fuel chemical energy into steam by heating water. Coal-fired, biomass, oil, gas and recovery boilers all foul; sonic horns clean heat-transfer surfaces.",[460,463],{"title":461,"url":462},"Wikipedia — Boiler","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBoiler",{"title":464,"url":465},"Babcock & Wilcox — Sootblower and Boiler Cleaning Terminology","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.babcock.com\u002Fhome\u002Fabout\u002Fresources\u002Flearning-center\u002Fsootblower-and-boiler-cleaning-terminology-principles-and-applications","glossary\u002Fboiler","pamAnZGo_UeIedDHhYrfv0nP3GCXkNTGi0a197n4b5Q",{"id":469,"title":179,"aliases":470,"body":474,"category":208,"description":581,"extension":210,"meta":582,"navigation":212,"path":68,"relatedTerms":583,"seo":584,"sources":587,"stem":591,"term":592,"__hash__":593},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fconvective-pass-backpass.md",[69,471,472,473],"backpass","boiler backpass","back pass",{"type":54,"value":475,"toc":576},[476,496,500,503,524,535,539,547,549],[57,477,478,479,481,482,484,485,487,488,490,491,493,494,258],{},"The ",[61,480,69],{}," (also ",[61,483,471],{},") is the downstream section of a boiler where heat transfer is by conduction across tube banks rather than radiation from a flame. The convective pass contains, in order of decreasing gas temperature: the finishing ",[66,486,63],{"href":213},", the ",[66,489,216],{"href":184},", the primary superheater, the ",[66,492,394],{"href":393},", and finally the ",[66,495,402],{"href":401},[72,497,499],{"id":498},"why-the-convective-pass-is-the-prime-sonic-horn-zone","Why the convective pass is the prime sonic-horn zone",[57,501,502],{},"Three reasons:",[504,505,506,512,518],"ol",{},[80,507,508,511],{},[61,509,510],{},"Deposits are dry",", not molten. Ash arriving at convective surfaces has cooled below its sticking temperature; it deposits as a friable layer that acoustic energy can lift.",[80,513,514,517],{},[61,515,516],{},"Surfaces are extensive"," and partly inaccessible to retract sootblowers — perfect for non-contact cleaning.",[80,519,520,523],{},[61,521,522],{},"Heat-rate sensitivity"," is high. Every degree of approach temperature loss in the economiser or air heater translates directly into fuel cost.",[57,525,526,527,532,533,258],{},"A typical large utility boiler benefits from ",[61,528,529,530],{},"8–20 ",[66,531,134],{"href":133}," distributed across the convective pass, complementing existing steam ",[66,534,130],{"href":129},[72,536,538],{"id":537},"sequencing","Sequencing",[57,540,541,542,546],{},"Horns are fired in a programmed sequence that respects ",[66,543,545],{"href":544},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcompressed-air","compressed-air"," supply, avoids overlapping firing on adjacent fields, and times their action between sootblower cycles to maintain continuous low-level dust release.",[72,548,166],{"id":165},[77,550,551,555,559,563,567,572],{},[80,552,553],{},[66,554,174],{"href":173},[80,556,557],{},[66,558,438],{"href":393},[80,560,561],{},[66,562,47],{"href":213},[80,564,565],{},[66,566,185],{"href":184},[80,568,569],{},[66,570,571],{"href":401},"Air heater",[80,573,574],{},[66,575,194],{"href":133},{"title":202,"searchDepth":203,"depth":203,"links":577},[578,579,580],{"id":498,"depth":203,"text":499},{"id":537,"depth":203,"text":538},{"id":165,"depth":203,"text":166},"The convective pass (also backpass) is the downstream section of a boiler where heat transfer is by conduction across tube banks rather than radiation from a flame. The convective pass contains, in order of decreasing gas temperature: the finishing superheater, the reheater, the primary superheater, the economiser, and finally the air heater.",{},[208,394,63,216,455,218],{"title":585,"description":586},"Convective pass (backpass) — where sonic horns earn most of their cleaning work","The convective pass is the downstream section of a boiler where heat transfer is by conduction across tube banks: superheater, reheater, economiser. The primary zone for sonic-horn cleaning.",[588],{"title":589,"url":590},"Wikipedia — Water-tube boiler","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWater-tube_boiler","glossary\u002Fconvective-pass-backpass","Convective pass and backpass","RDd0-n-v3frmmPFQ6GEIJ8gl1FK8dl11Q9pHezUj0Tk",{"id":595,"title":185,"aliases":596,"body":599,"category":208,"description":662,"extension":210,"meta":663,"navigation":212,"path":184,"relatedTerms":664,"seo":665,"sources":668,"stem":670,"term":185,"__hash__":671},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Freheater.md",[597,598],"reheaters","reheat section",{"type":54,"value":600,"toc":656},[601,608,612,618,620,623,625,636,638],[57,602,59,603,64,605,607],{},[61,604,216],{},[66,606,69],{"href":68}," that re-superheats steam returning from the high-pressure (HP) turbine before it enters the intermediate-pressure (IP) turbine. Reheat improves overall plant efficiency and reduces steam moisture content in the LP turbine stages.",[72,609,611],{"id":610},"where-it-sits","Where it sits",[57,613,614,615,617],{},"In a typical utility-boiler convective pass, the reheater sits between the secondary ",[66,616,63],{"href":213}," and the primary superheater, in a temperature range that recovers heat efficiently without exceeding tube-metal limits. Some boilers have two reheat stages.",[72,619,75],{"id":74},[57,621,622],{},"Reheater fouling follows the same pattern as the convective superheater: bonded ash on tube surfaces, occasional slag bridging in extreme cases. Outlet steam-temperature deviation is a leading symptom — falling reheat outlet temperature signals fouling reducing heat absorption.",[72,624,123],{"id":122},[57,626,627,629,630,633,634,258],{},[66,628,389],{"href":133}," are well suited to reheater cleaning because the deposits are predominantly dry. Combined with periodic steam ",[66,631,632],{"href":199},"sootblowing",", they maintain reheater outlet temperature and protect the unit's ",[66,635,410],{"href":409},[72,637,166],{"id":165},[77,639,640,644,648,652],{},[80,641,642],{},[66,643,174],{"href":173},[80,645,646],{},[66,647,47],{"href":213},[80,649,650],{},[66,651,179],{"href":68},[80,653,654],{},[66,655,194],{"href":133},{"title":202,"searchDepth":203,"depth":203,"links":657},[658,659,660,661],{"id":610,"depth":203,"text":611},{"id":74,"depth":203,"text":75},{"id":122,"depth":203,"text":123},{"id":165,"depth":203,"text":166},"A reheater is a tube bank in a boiler's convective pass that re-superheats steam returning from the high-pressure (HP) turbine before it enters the intermediate-pressure (IP) turbine. Reheat improves overall plant efficiency and reduces steam moisture content in the LP turbine stages.",{},[208,63,215,218],{"title":666,"description":667},"Reheater — boiler tube bank that re-superheats partially-expanded steam","A reheater is a tube bank in the boiler's convective pass that re-superheats steam returning from the HP turbine before it enters the IP turbine.",[669],{"title":461,"url":462},"glossary\u002Freheater","XRFivXVrBNHuAf0pa3jm4fF6BiJP2Z3jS5gz0vyyDt0",{"id":673,"title":87,"aliases":674,"body":678,"category":74,"description":811,"extension":210,"meta":812,"navigation":212,"path":86,"relatedTerms":813,"seo":815,"sources":818,"stem":822,"term":87,"__hash__":823},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fslagging.md",[675,676,677],"slag deposit","slag bonding","molten slag deposit",{"type":54,"value":679,"toc":806},[680,699,703,717,721,776,781,783],[57,681,682,684,685,687,688,691,692,694,695,698],{},[61,683,87],{}," is the deposition of molten or semi-molten ash on high-temperature surfaces inside a boiler — primarily the ",[66,686,92],{"href":91}," ",[66,689,690],{"href":432},"waterwalls"," and the finishing ",[66,693,63],{"href":213},". Slag is distinguished from ",[66,696,74],{"href":697},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffouling"," generally by being formed at temperatures high enough to melt the ash; once cooled against the tube it solidifies as a hard, bonded layer.",[72,700,702],{"id":701},"why-slag-is-hard-to-clean","Why slag is hard to clean",[77,704,705,708,711,714],{},[80,706,707],{},"Bonded directly to the tube — not a loose surface deposit",[80,709,710],{},"Hardness comparable to the tube metal itself",[80,712,713],{},"Resists acoustic cleaning — sound energy cannot dislodge a bonded interface",[80,715,716],{},"Removable only with high-energy mechanical methods",[72,718,720],{"id":719},"cleaning-options","Cleaning options",[264,722,723,733],{},[267,724,725],{},[270,726,727,730],{},[273,728,729],{},"Tool",[273,731,732],{},"Use case",[283,734,735,746,757,768],{},[270,736,737,743],{},[288,738,739],{},[66,740,742],{"href":741},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwater-cannon","Water cannon",[288,744,745],{},"Standard for furnace waterwall slag",[270,747,748,754],{},[288,749,126,750],{},[66,751,753],{"href":752},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fretract-sootblower","retract sootblower",[288,755,756],{},"Finishing superheater slag, with care for tube erosion",[270,758,759,765],{},[288,760,761],{},[66,762,764],{"href":763},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fexplosive-deslagging","Explosive deslagging",[288,766,767],{},"Severe build-up, periodic intervention",[270,769,770,773],{},[288,771,772],{},"Manual lancing (offline)",[288,774,775],{},"During major outages",[57,777,778,780],{},[66,779,389],{"href":133}," are not effective on furnace slag, but they are effective immediately downstream where deposits cool to a friable consistency. Sylio's value on slag-prone units lies in the convective pass, not in the furnace itself.",[72,782,166],{"id":165},[77,784,785,789,793,798,802],{},[80,786,787],{},[66,788,433],{"href":432},[80,790,791],{},[66,792,47],{"href":213},[80,794,795],{},[66,796,797],{"href":91},"Furnace",[80,799,800],{},[66,801,75],{"href":697},[80,803,804],{},[66,805,742],{"href":741},{"title":202,"searchDepth":203,"depth":203,"links":807},[808,809,810],{"id":701,"depth":203,"text":702},{"id":719,"depth":203,"text":720},{"id":165,"depth":203,"text":166},"Slagging is the deposition of molten or semi-molten ash on high-temperature surfaces inside a boiler — primarily the furnace waterwalls and the finishing superheater. Slag is distinguished from fouling generally by being formed at temperatures high enough to melt the ash; once cooled against the tube it solidifies as a hard, bonded layer.",{},[454,63,92,74,814],"water-cannon",{"title":816,"description":817},"Slagging — molten ash bonding to high-temperature boiler surfaces","Slagging is the deposition of molten or semi-molten ash on radiant and high-temperature surfaces in the boiler furnace. Hard, bonded; usually requires water cannons or explosive deslagging.",[819],{"title":820,"url":821},"Power Engineering — How to Deal with Ceaseless Slagging","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Foperations-maintenance\u002Fhow-to-deal-with-ceaseless-slagging\u002F","glossary\u002Fslagging","ETHZyOpE6ep9L5Ko6HI45eGDis7f8SAGpAWqJo3Z414",{"id":825,"title":194,"aliases":826,"body":829,"category":1026,"description":1027,"extension":210,"meta":1028,"navigation":212,"path":133,"relatedTerms":1029,"seo":1035,"sources":1038,"stem":1048,"term":194,"__hash__":1049},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn.md",[134,827,828],"sonic cleaning horn","industrial sonic horn",{"type":54,"value":830,"toc":1019},[831,861,865,873,877,939,943,978,982,989,991],[57,832,59,833,836,837,841,842,110,846,110,850,110,854,114,857,258],{},[61,834,835],{},"sonic horn"," is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of ",[66,838,840],{"href":839},"\u002Fglossary\u002Facoustic-cleaner","acoustic cleaner"," and the default specification for cleaning ",[66,843,845],{"href":844},"\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","ESPs",[66,847,849],{"href":848},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffabric-filter","baghouses",[66,851,853],{"href":852},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fselective-catalytic-reduction","SCR catalysts",[66,855,856],{"href":213},"boiler heat-transfer surfaces",[66,858,860],{"href":859},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhopper","hoppers and silos",[72,862,864],{"id":863},"how-a-sonic-horn-works","How a sonic horn works",[57,866,867,868,872],{},"Compressed plant air admitted through a ",[66,869,871],{"href":870},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsolenoid-valve","solenoid valve"," drives a metal diaphragm — typically titanium or 316 stainless — into resonant oscillation at the horn's fundamental frequency. The oscillating pressure field is amplified by an exponential bell horn and projected into the vessel as a near-spherical sound wave. Particulate already deposited on internal surfaces receives an oscillating acceleration that overcomes adhesion; loosened material is then carried out with the gas flow before it can sinter, bridge or bond. Because the cleaning is acoustic and non-contact, the horn can fire while the plant is online without tube erosion, refractory damage or thermal shock.",[72,874,876],{"id":875},"key-parameters","Key parameters",[264,878,879,889],{},[267,880,881],{},[270,882,883,886],{},[273,884,885],{},"Parameter",[273,887,888],{},"Typical range",[283,890,891,899,907,915,923,931],{},[270,892,893,896],{},[288,894,895],{},"Fundamental frequency",[288,897,898],{},"60–400 Hz",[270,900,901,904],{},[288,902,903],{},"Sound pressure level",[288,905,906],{},"140–180 dB",[270,908,909,912],{},[288,910,911],{},"Compressed-air consumption",[288,913,914],{},"8–14 Nm³\u002Fmin at 4–7 bar",[270,916,917,920],{},[288,918,919],{},"Operating temperature (with appropriate materials)",[288,921,922],{},"−40 °C to +500 °C",[270,924,925,928],{},[288,926,927],{},"Firing cycle",[288,929,930],{},"5–15 s burst, repeated every 3–15 minutes",[270,932,933,936],{},[288,934,935],{},"Mass",[288,937,938],{},"15–60 kg depending on horn size",[72,940,942],{"id":941},"frequency-selection","Frequency selection",[57,944,945,946,110,950,953,954,110,958,962,963,110,966,970,971,114,974,258],{},"Lower frequencies (60–125 Hz) project longer wavelengths and penetrate further into large open vessels — ",[66,947,949],{"href":948},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpreheater-cyclone","preheater cyclones",[66,951,952],{"href":117},"recovery-boiler superheaters",", large ",[66,955,957],{"href":956},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-field-bus-section","ESP fields",[66,959,961],{"href":960},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsilo","silos",". Higher frequencies (230–400 Hz) carry more energy per unit volume and suit finer dust loads in ",[66,964,965],{"href":848},"fabric-filter compartments",[66,967,969],{"href":968},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhoneycomb-catalyst","catalyst layers"," and smaller hopper geometries. See ",[66,972,973],{"href":146},"low-frequency acoustic cleaner",[66,975,977],{"href":976},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhigh-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","high-frequency acoustic cleaner",[72,979,981],{"id":980},"sonic-horn-vs-steam-sootblower","Sonic horn vs steam sootblower",[57,983,984,985,988],{},"Sonic horns are increasingly specified alongside or in place of ",[66,986,987],{"href":129},"steam sootblowers"," because they consume no boiler-grade steam, cause no tube erosion, require almost no moving parts and can fire every few minutes without operator intervention. They are less effective on hard, fused slag than retractable steam lances, so on furnace waterwalls and high-temperature superheaters they typically complement rather than replace mechanical cleaning.",[72,990,166],{"id":165},[77,992,993,998,1002,1008,1014],{},[80,994,995],{},[66,996,997],{"href":839},"Acoustic cleaner",[80,999,1000],{},[66,1001,200],{"href":199},[80,1003,1004],{},[66,1005,1007],{"href":1006},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbell-horn","Bell horn",[80,1009,1010],{},[66,1011,1013],{"href":1012},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdiaphragm-horn","Diaphragm horn",[80,1015,1016],{},[66,1017,1018],{"href":146},"Low-frequency acoustic cleaner",{"title":202,"searchDepth":203,"depth":203,"links":1020},[1021,1022,1023,1024,1025],{"id":863,"depth":203,"text":864},{"id":875,"depth":203,"text":876},{"id":941,"depth":203,"text":942},{"id":980,"depth":203,"text":981},{"id":165,"depth":203,"text":166},"core-technology","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of acoustic cleaner and the default specification for cleaning ESPs, baghouses, SCR catalysts, boiler heat-transfer surfaces and hoppers and silos.",{},[1030,1031,219,1032,1033,1034],"acoustic-cleaner","acoustic-cleaning-system","bell-horn","diaphragm-horn","low-frequency-acoustic-cleaner",{"title":1036,"description":1037},"Sonic horn — definition, frequency, SPL and industrial applications","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven low-frequency sound emitter (typically 60–400 Hz at 140–180 dB SPL) used to dislodge particulate fouling from boilers, ESPs, baghouses and process vessels.",[1039,1042,1045],{"title":1040,"url":1041},"Power Engineering — Sonic Horns: A User's Introduction","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Fsonic-horns-a-userrsquos-introduction\u002F",{"title":1043,"url":1044},"Power Engineering — Tuning in to Acoustic Cleaning","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Ftuning-in-to-acoustic-cleaning\u002F",{"title":1046,"url":1047},"Wikipedia — Sonic soot blowers","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSonic_soot_blowers","glossary\u002Fsonic-horn","YzrhN0kKzqSaQo0wfn0rueNZ-V43mcg5zahqeWi3lnU",{"id":1051,"title":200,"aliases":1052,"body":1056,"category":1026,"description":1252,"extension":210,"meta":1253,"navigation":212,"path":199,"relatedTerms":1254,"seo":1257,"sources":1260,"stem":1264,"term":200,"__hash__":1265},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-sootblower.md",[1053,1054,1055],"sonic soot blower","sonic sootblowers","acoustic sootblower",{"type":54,"value":1057,"toc":1246},[1058,1078,1082,1088,1092,1175,1178,1182,1222,1224],[57,1059,59,1060,1063,1064,1066,1067,110,1070,110,1072,110,1074,1077],{},[61,1061,1062],{},"sonic sootblower"," is a ",[66,1065,835],{"href":133}," applied specifically to boiler heat-transfer surfaces — ",[66,1068,1069],{"href":393},"economisers",[66,1071,49],{"href":213},[66,1073,597],{"href":184},[66,1075,1076],{"href":401},"air heaters"," and convective-pass tube banks. The term carries over the \"sootblower\" lineage from the steam and air lances that historically performed this duty, but the cleaning mechanism is fundamentally different: a sonic sootblower uses pulsed low-frequency sound rather than a steam jet.",[72,1079,1081],{"id":1080},"why-the-boiler-industry-name-persists","Why the boiler-industry name persists",[57,1083,1084,1085,1087],{},"Operators and OEMs (Babcock & Wilcox, ANDRITZ, Valmet, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries) cataloguing boiler-cleaning hardware naturally classify any device that removes soot, ash and slag from convective surfaces as a \"sootblower\". When acoustic cleaners entered the boiler aftermarket in the 1980s, they were absorbed into that taxonomy as ",[61,1086,1054],{}," to make procurement, maintenance and BLRBAC documentation straightforward. The device itself is identical to a sonic horn used on any other application.",[72,1089,1091],{"id":1090},"sonic-sootblower-vs-steam-sootblower","Sonic sootblower vs steam sootblower",[264,1093,1094,1108],{},[267,1095,1096],{},[270,1097,1098,1101,1103],{},[273,1099,1100],{},"Attribute",[273,1102,200],{},[273,1104,1105],{},[66,1106,1107],{"href":129},"Steam sootblower",[283,1109,1110,1121,1132,1143,1153,1164],{},[270,1111,1112,1115,1118],{},[288,1113,1114],{},"Cleaning medium",[288,1116,1117],{},"Pulsed sound (60–400 Hz, 140–180 dB)",[288,1119,1120],{},"Saturated or superheated steam jet",[270,1122,1123,1126,1129],{},[288,1124,1125],{},"Energy source",[288,1127,1128],{},"Compressed air, 4–7 bar",[288,1130,1131],{},"Boiler steam, typically 17–35 bar",[270,1133,1134,1137,1140],{},[288,1135,1136],{},"Moving parts in flue gas",[288,1138,1139],{},"None",[288,1141,1142],{},"Retractable lance + nozzle",[270,1144,1145,1148,1150],{},[288,1146,1147],{},"Tube erosion risk",[288,1149,1139],{},[288,1151,1152],{},"Documented at lance tip and opposite tube row",[270,1154,1155,1158,1161],{},[288,1156,1157],{},"Typical firing interval",[288,1159,1160],{},"Every 3–15 minutes",[288,1162,1163],{},"Every shift or longer",[270,1165,1166,1169,1172],{},[288,1167,1168],{},"Best suited to",[288,1170,1171],{},"Dry ash, dust, light-to-moderate fouling",[288,1173,1174],{},"Hard slag, baked-on deposits",[57,1176,1177],{},"The two technologies are increasingly specified together: sonic sootblowers handle the continuous, preventive duty across the convective pass, while a smaller fleet of steam retractables remains for furnace waterwalls and high-temperature finishing superheaters where slag bonds at temperatures sound alone cannot defeat.",[72,1179,1181],{"id":1180},"applications","Applications",[77,1183,1184,1195,1205,1211,1216],{},[80,1185,1186,1189,1190,1194],{},[66,1187,1188],{"href":117},"Kraft recovery boilers"," (superheaters, ",[66,1191,1193],{"href":1192},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fgenerating-bank","generating banks",", economisers)",[80,1196,1197,1200,1201,1204],{},[66,1198,1199],{"href":292},"Coal-fired utility boilers"," (economiser, ",[66,1202,1203],{"href":401},"air preheater"," cold end)",[80,1206,1207,1210],{},[66,1208,1209],{"href":108},"Biomass and waste-to-energy boilers"," (ash-rich, chloride-laden flue gas)",[80,1212,1213],{},[66,1214,1215],{"href":379},"HRSGs in combined-cycle plants",[80,1217,1218,1221],{},[66,1219,1220],{"href":173},"Industrial process boilers"," in refining, petrochemicals and chemicals",[72,1223,166],{"id":165},[77,1225,1226,1230,1234,1238,1242],{},[80,1227,1228],{},[66,1229,194],{"href":133},[80,1231,1232],{},[66,1233,1107],{"href":129},[80,1235,1236],{},[66,1237,997],{"href":839},[80,1239,1240],{},[66,1241,438],{"href":393},[80,1243,1244],{},[66,1245,47],{"href":213},{"title":202,"searchDepth":203,"depth":203,"links":1247},[1248,1249,1250,1251],{"id":1080,"depth":203,"text":1081},{"id":1090,"depth":203,"text":1091},{"id":1180,"depth":203,"text":1181},{"id":165,"depth":203,"text":166},"A sonic sootblower is a sonic horn applied specifically to boiler heat-transfer surfaces — economisers, superheaters, reheaters, air heaters and convective-pass tube banks. The term carries over the \"sootblower\" lineage from the steam and air lances that historically performed this duty, but the cleaning mechanism is fundamentally different: a sonic sootblower uses pulsed low-frequency sound rather than a steam jet.",{},[218,1030,1255,1256,394,63],"steam-sootblower","ik-long-retract-sootblower",{"title":1258,"description":1259},"Sonic sootblower — definition, how it differs from steam sootblowers","A sonic sootblower is a sonic horn used specifically on boiler heat-transfer surfaces. It uses low-frequency sound instead of high-pressure steam, eliminating tube erosion and steam consumption.",[1261,1262,1263],{"title":1046,"url":1047},{"title":1043,"url":1044},{"title":464,"url":465},"glossary\u002Fsonic-sootblower","P4GMPBzkg45PunQoZzULwSiL9umkIdcjjuo6yyJkX9c",1782613727019]