[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":877},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:subcritical-supercritical-ultrasupercritical":45,"glossary-related:subcritical-supercritical-ultrasupercritical":243},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":53,"category":223,"description":224,"extension":225,"meta":226,"navigation":227,"path":228,"relatedTerms":229,"seo":233,"sources":236,"stem":240,"term":241,"__hash__":242},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsubcritical-supercritical-ultrasupercritical.md","Subcritical \u002F supercritical \u002F ultrasupercritical",[49,50,51,52],"subcritical boiler","supercritical boiler","ultrasupercritical boiler","USC boiler",{"type":54,"value":55,"toc":217},"minimark",[56,72,153,158,185,189],[57,58,59,63,64,67,68,71],"p",{},[60,61,62],"strong",{},"Subcritical",", ",[60,65,66],{},"supercritical"," and ",[60,69,70],{},"ultrasupercritical (USC)"," describe steam-condition classes for utility boilers. The classification refers to whether the working fluid is operated below or above the critical point of water (22.064 MPa, 373.95 °C).",[73,74,75,94],"table",{},[76,77,78],"thead",{},[79,80,81,85,88,91],"tr",{},[82,83,84],"th",{},"Class",[82,86,87],{},"Steam pressure",[82,89,90],{},"Steam temperature",[82,92,93],{},"Plant efficiency (LHV)",[95,96,97,111,125,139],"tbody",{},[79,98,99,102,105,108],{},[100,101,62],"td",{},[100,103,104],{},"\u003C 22.1 MPa",[100,106,107],{},"540–565 °C",[100,109,110],{},"36–39%",[79,112,113,116,119,122],{},[100,114,115],{},"Supercritical",[100,117,118],{},"22.1–25 MPa",[100,120,121],{},"560–600 °C",[100,123,124],{},"41–43%",[79,126,127,130,133,136],{},[100,128,129],{},"Ultrasupercritical (USC)",[100,131,132],{},"25–28 MPa",[100,134,135],{},"600–620 °C",[100,137,138],{},"44–47%",[79,140,141,144,147,150],{},[100,142,143],{},"Advanced USC (A-USC, developmental)",[100,145,146],{},"30+ MPa",[100,148,149],{},"700 °C+",[100,151,152],{},"50%+ target",[154,155,157],"h2",{"id":156},"fouling-implications","Fouling implications",[57,159,160,161,166,167,171,172,63,176,67,180,184],{},"Higher steam conditions concentrate value in every operating hour: a 1 percentage-point efficiency loss from ",[162,163,165],"a",{"href":164},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fconvective-pass-backpass","convective-pass"," fouling on a USC plant costs measurably more in fuel than on a subcritical one. The economic case for ",[162,168,170],{"href":169},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","sonic-horn"," installation on ",[162,173,175],{"href":174},"\u002Fglossary\u002Feconomiser","economisers",[162,177,179],{"href":178},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fair-heater","air heaters",[162,181,183],{"href":182},"\u002Fglossary\u002Freheater","reheaters"," rises with steam-condition class.",[154,186,188],{"id":187},"related-terms","Related terms",[190,191,192,199,205,211],"ul",{},[193,194,195],"li",{},[162,196,198],{"href":197},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fboiler","Boiler",[193,200,201],{},[162,202,204],{"href":203},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpc-boiler","PC boiler",[193,206,207],{},[162,208,210],{"href":209},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fheat-rate","Heat rate",[193,212,213],{},[162,214,216],{"href":215},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater","Superheater",{"title":218,"searchDepth":219,"depth":219,"links":220},"",2,[221,222],{"id":156,"depth":219,"text":157},{"id":187,"depth":219,"text":188},"boiler","Subcritical, supercritical and ultrasupercritical (USC) describe steam-condition classes for utility boilers. The classification refers to whether the working fluid is operated below or above the critical point of water (22.064 MPa, 373.95 °C).","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsubcritical-supercritical-ultrasupercritical",[223,230,231,232],"pc-boiler","heat-rate","superheater",{"title":234,"description":235},"Subcritical, supercritical and ultrasupercritical — boiler steam conditions","Steam-condition classes for utility boilers. Subcritical operates below 22.1 MPa; supercritical above; ultrasupercritical adds higher temperatures for improved efficiency.",[237],{"title":238,"url":239},"Wikipedia — Supercritical steam generator","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSupercritical_steam_generator","glossary\u002Fsubcritical-supercritical-ultrasupercritical","Subcritical, supercritical and ultrasupercritical boilers","6FqwNhIwxt8HlHQpDidmH2RFwHoaJRKdWTKVFDIP-LA",[244,481,617,733],{"id":245,"title":198,"aliases":246,"body":250,"category":223,"description":461,"extension":225,"meta":462,"navigation":227,"path":197,"relatedTerms":463,"seo":469,"sources":472,"stem":479,"term":198,"__hash__":480},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fboiler.md",[247,248,249],"industrial boiler","utility boiler","steam generator",{"type":54,"value":251,"toc":456},[252,278,282,392,396,424,426],[57,253,254,255,257,258,63,262,67,265,269,270,67,274,277],{},"A ",[60,256,223],{}," is a closed vessel in which fuel chemical energy is converted to steam by transferring heat into water flowing through tube banks. Industrial and utility boilers serve electricity generation, district heating, process steam, ",[162,259,261],{"href":260},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","WtE",[162,263,264],{"href":260},"biomass",[162,266,268],{"href":267},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frecovery-boiler","pulp-and-paper"," operations. All of them foul; the only variables are ",[271,272,273],"em",{},"how much",[271,275,276],{},"with what",".",[154,279,281],{"id":280},"boiler-families","Boiler families",[73,283,284,297],{},[76,285,286],{},[79,287,288,291,294],{},[82,289,290],{},"Type",[82,292,293],{},"Fuel",[82,295,296],{},"Notes",[95,298,299,311,325,339,352,366,377],{},[79,300,301,305,308],{},[100,302,303],{},[162,304,204],{"href":203},[100,306,307],{},"Pulverised coal",[100,309,310],{},"Dominant utility design",[79,312,313,319,322],{},[100,314,315],{},[162,316,318],{"href":317},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcfb-boiler","CFB boiler",[100,320,321],{},"Coal, biomass, RDF, lignite",[100,323,324],{},"Tolerates wider fuel range; lower NOx",[79,326,327,333,336],{},[100,328,329],{},[162,330,332],{"href":331},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbfb-boiler","BFB boiler",[100,334,335],{},"Biomass, sludge, low-grade fuels",[100,337,338],{},"Bubbling fluidised bed",[79,340,341,346,349],{},[100,342,343],{},[162,344,345],{"href":267},"Recovery boiler",[100,347,348],{},"Black liquor (kraft pulp mills)",[100,350,351],{},"Combines chemicals recovery with steam",[79,353,354,360,363],{},[100,355,356],{},[162,357,359],{"href":358},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhog-fuel-boiler-bark-boiler","Hog-fuel boiler",[100,361,362],{},"Wood waste, bark",[100,364,365],{},"Common at pulp mills as side boilers",[79,367,368,371,374],{},[100,369,370],{},"Gas \u002F oil boiler",[100,372,373],{},"Natural gas, fuel oil",[100,375,376],{},"Lower particulate, less fouling",[79,378,379,382,385],{},[100,380,381],{},"HRSG",[100,383,384],{},"Gas-turbine exhaust",[100,386,387,388],{},"See ",[162,389,391],{"href":390},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fheat-recovery-steam-generator","heat-recovery steam generator",[154,393,395],{"id":394},"where-sonic-horns-sit","Where sonic horns sit",[57,397,398,401,402,63,405,63,408,67,411,414,415,419,420,423],{},[162,399,400],{"href":169},"Sonic horns"," installed across the convective pass — between ",[162,403,404],{"href":174},"economiser",[162,406,407],{"href":215},"superheaters",[162,409,410],{"href":182},"reheater",[162,412,413],{"href":178},"air heater"," — dislodge ash and soot continuously, supplementing or partially replacing steam ",[162,416,418],{"href":417},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsteam-sootblower","sootblowers",". The benefit shows up as ",[162,421,422],{"href":209},"heat rate"," recovery, deferred outages and longer intervals between water washes.",[154,425,188],{"id":187},[190,427,428,432,436,440,446,451],{},[193,429,430],{},[162,431,204],{"href":203},[193,433,434],{},[162,435,318],{"href":317},[193,437,438],{},[162,439,345],{"href":267},[193,441,442],{},[162,443,445],{"href":444},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaterwall","Waterwall",[193,447,448],{},[162,449,450],{"href":174},"Economiser",[193,452,453],{},[162,454,455],{"href":169},"Sonic horn",{"title":218,"searchDepth":219,"depth":219,"links":457},[458,459,460],{"id":280,"depth":219,"text":281},{"id":394,"depth":219,"text":395},{"id":187,"depth":219,"text":188},"A boiler is a closed vessel in which fuel chemical energy is converted to steam by transferring heat into water flowing through tube banks. Industrial and utility boilers serve electricity generation, district heating, process steam, WtE, biomass and pulp-and-paper operations. All of them foul; the only variables are how much and with what.",{},[230,464,465,466,467,404,232,468,170],"cfb-boiler","bfb-boiler","recovery-boiler","waterwall","air-heater",{"title":470,"description":471},"Boiler — industrial steam generator types and acoustic-cleaning needs","A boiler is a vessel that converts fuel chemical energy into steam by heating water. Coal-fired, biomass, oil, gas and recovery boilers all foul; sonic horns clean heat-transfer surfaces.",[473,476],{"title":474,"url":475},"Wikipedia — Boiler","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBoiler",{"title":477,"url":478},"Babcock & Wilcox — Sootblower and Boiler Cleaning Terminology","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.babcock.com\u002Fhome\u002Fabout\u002Fresources\u002Flearning-center\u002Fsootblower-and-boiler-cleaning-terminology-principles-and-applications","glossary\u002Fboiler","pamAnZGo_UeIedDHhYrfv0nP3GCXkNTGi0a197n4b5Q",{"id":482,"title":483,"aliases":484,"body":487,"category":223,"description":603,"extension":225,"meta":604,"navigation":227,"path":203,"relatedTerms":605,"seo":607,"sources":610,"stem":614,"term":615,"__hash__":616},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fpc-boiler.md","PC boiler (pulverised coal)",[204,485,486],"pulverised coal boiler","pulverized coal boiler",{"type":54,"value":488,"toc":598},[489,495,499,525,529,561,569,571],[57,490,254,491,494],{},[60,492,493],{},"pulverised-coal (PC) boiler"," grinds coal to a fine powder in pulverising mills and injects it through burners into a furnace, where it burns in suspension at 1,400–1,700 °C. PC boilers are the dominant utility-scale boiler design worldwide and remain the workhorse of legacy coal-fired generation in Asia, India, Africa, Eastern Europe and parts of the Americas.",[154,496,498],{"id":497},"layout","Layout",[57,500,501,502,505,506,63,508,63,510,512,513,515,516,520,521,277],{},"A typical PC boiler has tangential, wall-fired or down-fired burner arrangements with ",[162,503,504],{"href":444},"waterwalls"," absorbing radiant heat from the furnace; gas then passes over ",[162,507,407],{"href":215},[162,509,183],{"href":182},[162,511,175],{"href":174}," and finally ",[162,514,179],{"href":178}," before reaching the ",[162,517,519],{"href":518},"\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","ESP"," or ",[162,522,524],{"href":523},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbaghouse","baghouse",[154,526,528],{"id":527},"fouling-pattern","Fouling pattern",[190,530,531,537,543,549,555],{},[193,532,533,536],{},[60,534,535],{},"Slag"," on waterwalls and finishing superheaters",[193,538,539,542],{},[60,540,541],{},"Bonded ash"," on convective superheater and reheater tube banks",[193,544,545,548],{},[60,546,547],{},"Bridging deposits"," in the economiser hopper",[193,550,551,554],{},[60,552,553],{},"Ammonium-bisulphate fouling"," on the air-heater cold end (if SCR is installed upstream)",[193,556,557,560],{},[60,558,559],{},"Hopper bridging"," on the ESP and baghouse",[57,562,563,565,566,568],{},[162,564,400],{"href":169}," installed across the convective pass attack the second through fourth of these continuously, complementing steam ",[162,567,418],{"href":417}," on the slag-bonded superheater.",[154,570,188],{"id":187},[190,572,573,577,581,585,589,594],{},[193,574,575],{},[162,576,198],{"href":197},[193,578,579],{},[162,580,318],{"href":317},[193,582,583],{},[162,584,445],{"href":444},[193,586,587],{},[162,588,216],{"href":215},[193,590,591],{},[162,592,593],{"href":518},"Electrostatic precipitator",[193,595,596],{},[162,597,455],{"href":169},{"title":218,"searchDepth":219,"depth":219,"links":599},[600,601,602],{"id":497,"depth":219,"text":498},{"id":527,"depth":219,"text":528},{"id":187,"depth":219,"text":188},"A pulverised-coal (PC) boiler grinds coal to a fine powder in pulverising mills and injects it through burners into a furnace, where it burns in suspension at 1,400–1,700 °C. PC boilers are the dominant utility-scale boiler design worldwide and remain the workhorse of legacy coal-fired generation in Asia, India, Africa, Eastern Europe and parts of the Americas.",{},[223,464,467,232,606,170],"electrostatic-precipitator",{"title":608,"description":609},"PC boiler (pulverised-coal boiler) — dominant utility boiler design","A pulverised-coal boiler grinds coal to fine powder and injects it through burners into a furnace. The dominant utility-scale boiler design worldwide.",[611],{"title":612,"url":613},"Wikipedia — Pulverized coal-fired boiler","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPulverized_coal-fired_boiler","glossary\u002Fpc-boiler","Pulverised-coal boiler","p2M6biFa8FTNXOXeBnJrp1fX4NRZatIs40fAFiu0Wdo",{"id":618,"title":210,"aliases":619,"body":623,"category":223,"description":720,"extension":225,"meta":721,"navigation":227,"path":209,"relatedTerms":722,"seo":724,"sources":727,"stem":731,"term":210,"__hash__":732},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fheat-rate.md",[620,621,622],"boiler heat rate","plant heat rate","heat-rate degradation",{"type":54,"value":624,"toc":715},[625,630,634,637,676,683,687,690,692],[57,626,627,629],{},[60,628,210],{}," is the fuel energy consumed per unit of electrical energy generated, measured in BTU\u002FkWh (US) or kJ\u002FkWh (everywhere else). Lower heat rate equals higher thermodynamic efficiency. Heat rate is the central economic KPI of every coal-fired and gas-fired power plant — a 1% rise in heat rate at sustained load costs the operator 1% more fuel per MWh forever.",[154,631,633],{"id":632},"heat-rate-and-convective-pass-fouling","Heat rate and convective-pass fouling",[57,635,636],{},"Heat rate degrades from many causes. The fouling-driven contribution is normally split between:",[190,638,639,647,655,665],{},[193,640,641,646],{},[60,642,643,645],{},[162,644,450],{"href":174}," fouling"," — feedwater pre-heat falls, steam-cycle efficiency drops",[193,648,649,654],{},[60,650,651,645],{},[162,652,653],{"href":178},"Air heater"," — combustion-air pre-heat falls, boiler efficiency drops",[193,656,657,664],{},[60,658,659,661,662,645],{},[162,660,216],{"href":215}," \u002F ",[162,663,410],{"href":182}," — outlet temperatures fall, turbine efficiency drops",[193,666,667,675],{},[60,668,669,670,674],{},"Forced ",[162,671,673],{"href":672},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fattemperator-desuperheater","attemperation"," loss"," of margin",[57,677,678,679,682],{},"A typical poorly-maintained coal-fired unit carries 2–4% heat-rate penalty from cumulative fouling. Aggressive cleaning, including ",[162,680,681],{"href":169},"sonic horns"," on convective surfaces, can recover 1–3% of that — equivalent to USD 1–5 million annual fuel saving for a 500 MW unit.",[154,684,686],{"id":685},"how-heat-rate-recovery-is-monetised","How heat-rate recovery is monetised",[57,688,689],{},"Heat-rate recovery is the headline business case for sonic-horn retrofits on coal and biomass boilers. The savings flow directly through fuel cost; payback periods of 12–24 months are routinely quoted.",[154,691,188],{"id":187},[190,693,694,698,702,706,711],{},[193,695,696],{},[162,697,198],{"href":197},[193,699,700],{},[162,701,450],{"href":174},[193,703,704],{},[162,705,653],{"href":178},[193,707,708],{},[162,709,710],{"href":164},"Convective pass \u002F backpass",[193,712,713],{},[162,714,455],{"href":169},{"title":218,"searchDepth":219,"depth":219,"links":716},[717,718,719],{"id":632,"depth":219,"text":633},{"id":685,"depth":219,"text":686},{"id":187,"depth":219,"text":188},"Heat rate is the fuel energy consumed per unit of electrical energy generated, measured in BTU\u002FkWh (US) or kJ\u002FkWh (everywhere else). Lower heat rate equals higher thermodynamic efficiency. Heat rate is the central economic KPI of every coal-fired and gas-fired power plant — a 1% rise in heat rate at sustained load costs the operator 1% more fuel per MWh forever.",{},[223,404,468,723,170],"convective-pass-backpass",{"title":725,"description":726},"Heat rate — the fuel-efficiency metric used by every coal and gas plant","Heat rate is the fuel energy required to produce one unit of electrical output, measured in BTU\u002FkWh or kJ\u002FkWh. Fouling on convective surfaces directly degrades heat rate.",[728],{"title":729,"url":730},"Wikipedia — Heat rate (efficiency)","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHeat_rate_(efficiency)","glossary\u002Fheat-rate","OgQ7351DfpLtBl2D9AWNTCFTk4exqZE2ZLpWrVGyJWA",{"id":734,"title":216,"aliases":735,"body":739,"category":223,"description":863,"extension":225,"meta":864,"navigation":227,"path":215,"relatedTerms":865,"seo":868,"sources":871,"stem":875,"term":216,"__hash__":876},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater.md",[407,736,737,738],"primary superheater","secondary superheater","finishing superheater",{"type":54,"value":740,"toc":858},[741,750,754,789,793,801,824,827,829],[57,742,254,743,745,746,749],{},[60,744,232],{}," is a tube bank in a boiler's ",[162,747,748],{"href":164},"convective pass"," that raises the steam temperature beyond its saturation point using residual heat from the flue gas. Most utility boilers have at least two superheater stages: a primary superheater (cooler gas) and a secondary or finishing superheater (closest to the furnace, hottest gas).",[154,751,753],{"id":752},"fouling","Fouling",[190,755,756,770,775],{},[193,757,758,764,765,769],{},[60,759,760],{},[162,761,763],{"href":762},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fslagging","Slagging"," on the finishing superheater — semi-molten ash from the ",[162,766,768],{"href":767},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffurnace","furnace"," deposits on the hottest tubes",[193,771,772,774],{},[60,773,541],{}," on the primary superheater — drier deposits that sinter under sustained temperature",[193,776,777,780,781,63,783,67,785,788],{},[60,778,779],{},"Sodium \u002F potassium-rich deposits"," on ",[162,782,264],{"href":260},[162,784,261],{"href":260},[162,786,787],{"href":267},"recovery boilers"," — sticky, low-melting, aggressive",[154,790,792],{"id":791},"cleaning","Cleaning",[57,794,795,796,67,798,800],{},"Steam ",[162,797,418],{"href":417},[162,799,681],{"href":169}," work together:",[190,802,803,806,814],{},[193,804,805],{},"Sootblowers attack hard slag on the finishing superheater",[193,807,808,809,813],{},"Sonic horns (",[162,810,812],{"href":811},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","60–125 Hz",") keep dry ash from consolidating on the primary superheater and convective superheater",[193,815,816,820,821,823],{},[162,817,819],{"href":818},"\u002Fglossary\u002Finfrasonic-cleaner","Infrasonic cleaners"," below 30 Hz are used on deep ",[162,822,466],{"href":267}," superheater cavities",[57,825,826],{},"The combination extends the interval between major water-washes and reduces steam-attemperation requirements that mask deteriorating heat transfer.",[154,828,188],{"id":187},[190,830,831,835,839,844,848,852],{},[193,832,833],{},[162,834,198],{"href":197},[193,836,837],{},[162,838,710],{"href":164},[193,840,841],{},[162,842,843],{"href":182},"Reheater",[193,845,846],{},[162,847,763],{"href":762},[193,849,850],{},[162,851,455],{"href":169},[193,853,854],{},[162,855,857],{"href":856},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-sootblower","Sonic sootblower",{"title":218,"searchDepth":219,"depth":219,"links":859},[860,861,862],{"id":752,"depth":219,"text":753},{"id":791,"depth":219,"text":792},{"id":187,"depth":219,"text":188},"A superheater is a tube bank in a boiler's convective pass that raises the steam temperature beyond its saturation point using residual heat from the flue gas. Most utility boilers have at least two superheater stages: a primary superheater (cooler gas) and a secondary or finishing superheater (closest to the furnace, hottest gas).",{},[223,723,410,866,170,867],"slagging","sonic-sootblower",{"title":869,"description":870},"Superheater — boiler tube bank that raises steam temperature beyond saturation","A superheater is a tube bank that raises steam temperature beyond the saturation point using flue-gas heat. Sticky alkali ash and slag deposits are the dominant fouling concerns.",[872],{"title":873,"url":874},"Wikipedia — Superheater","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSuperheater","glossary\u002Fsuperheater","hYVXyyVmlWCU3AXfAl0l3YAhHpWty_akkDsBJGC_NDs",1782613726774]