[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":620},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:resonance":45,"glossary-related:resonance":150},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":51,"category":130,"description":131,"extension":132,"meta":133,"navigation":134,"path":135,"relatedTerms":136,"seo":141,"sources":144,"stem":148,"term":47,"__hash__":149},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fresonance.md","Resonance",[49,50],"resonant frequency","acoustic resonance",{"type":52,"value":53,"toc":124},"minimark",[54,67,72,78,94,98],[55,56,57,60,61,66],"p",{},[58,59,47],"strong",{}," is the amplification of vibration that occurs when a driving frequency matches a natural mode of a system. It is the mechanism by which a ",[62,63,65],"a",{"href":64},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdiaphragm-horn","diaphragm horn"," sustains 140–180 dB output from modest pneumatic input — the diaphragm and bell are tuned so the driving pressure pulse hits their natural frequency.",[68,69,71],"h2",{"id":70},"two-faces-in-industrial-cleaning","Two faces in industrial cleaning",[55,73,74,77],{},[58,75,76],{},"Useful resonance."," The horn itself; matching certain horn fundamentals to the bulk dimensions of a cleaning target so the sound field fills the vessel uniformly.",[55,79,80,83,84,88,89,93],{},[58,81,82],{},"Hazardous resonance."," Tube banks, fan blades, duct walls and damper assemblies all have their own natural frequencies. If a sonic horn's ",[62,85,87],{"href":86},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffundamental-frequency","fundamental"," or one of its ",[62,90,92],{"href":91},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fharmonic","harmonics"," coincides with a structural mode, sustained vibration can fatigue welds or loosen fixings. Multi-horn installation design routinely includes a vibration check against the equipment's modal map.",[68,95,97],{"id":96},"related-terms","Related terms",[99,100,101,107,112,118],"ul",{},[102,103,104],"li",{},[62,105,106],{"href":86},"Fundamental frequency",[102,108,109],{},[62,110,111],{"href":91},"Harmonic",[102,113,114],{},[62,115,117],{"href":116},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fstanding-wave","Standing wave",[102,119,120],{},[62,121,123],{"href":122},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","Sonic horn",{"title":125,"searchDepth":126,"depth":126,"links":127},"",2,[128,129],{"id":70,"depth":126,"text":71},{"id":96,"depth":126,"text":97},"acoustics-physics","Resonance is the amplification of vibration that occurs when a driving frequency matches a natural mode of a system. It is the mechanism by which a diaphragm horn sustains 140–180 dB output from modest pneumatic input — the diaphragm and bell are tuned so the driving pressure pulse hits their natural frequency.","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Fresonance",[137,138,139,140],"fundamental-frequency","harmonic","standing-wave","sonic-horn",{"title":142,"description":143},"Resonance — useful coupling and unwanted vibration in cleaning systems","Resonance is the amplification that occurs when a driving frequency matches a natural mode of a system. It is exploited by sonic horns and avoided in tube-bank installation design.",[145],{"title":146,"url":147},"Wikipedia — Resonance","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FResonance","glossary\u002Fresonance","xgUOH_1Rk9D3xB0QhGDZZPZIieVRJ6XFtEhNitMqDYM",[151,233,313,382],{"id":152,"title":106,"aliases":153,"body":156,"category":130,"description":219,"extension":132,"meta":220,"navigation":134,"path":86,"relatedTerms":221,"seo":224,"sources":227,"stem":231,"term":106,"__hash__":232},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Ffundamental-frequency.md",[154,155],"first harmonic","natural frequency (acoustic)",{"type":52,"value":157,"toc":215},[158,181,185,192,194],[55,159,160,161,164,165,168,169,172,173,177,178,180],{},"The ",[58,162,163],{},"fundamental frequency"," is the lowest natural resonant frequency of a vibrating system. For a ",[62,166,167],{"href":122},"sonic horn"," it is the nameplate frequency at which the ",[62,170,171],{"href":64},"diaphragm"," or piston is designed to oscillate and at which the horn delivers its rated ",[62,174,176],{"href":175},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsound-pressure-level","SPL",". A horn marked \"60 Hz\" produces a fundamental at 60 Hz plus a series of ",[62,179,92],{"href":91}," at integer multiples (120 Hz, 180 Hz, etc.).",[68,182,184],{"id":183},"why-it-is-the-published-number","Why it is the published number",[55,186,187,188,191],{},"Acoustic energy is concentrated at the fundamental. Harmonics carry progressively less energy. Selection charts, sizing tools and ROI calculations all use the fundamental as the reference. When tuning a multi-horn array, the fundamentals are chosen to avoid coincidence with vessel-tube ",[62,189,190],{"href":135},"resonance"," modes that could cause unwanted vibration.",[68,193,97],{"id":96},[99,195,196,202,206,210],{},[102,197,198],{},[62,199,201],{"href":200},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffrequency","Frequency",[102,203,204],{},[62,205,111],{"href":91},[102,207,208],{},[62,209,47],{"href":135},[102,211,212],{},[62,213,214],{"href":64},"Diaphragm horn",{"title":125,"searchDepth":126,"depth":126,"links":216},[217,218],{"id":183,"depth":126,"text":184},{"id":96,"depth":126,"text":97},"The fundamental frequency is the lowest natural resonant frequency of a vibrating system. For a sonic horn it is the nameplate frequency at which the diaphragm or piston is designed to oscillate and at which the horn delivers its rated SPL. A horn marked \"60 Hz\" produces a fundamental at 60 Hz plus a series of harmonics at integer multiples (120 Hz, 180 Hz, etc.).",{},[222,138,190,223],"frequency","diaphragm-horn",{"title":225,"description":226},"Fundamental frequency — the design frequency of a sonic horn","The fundamental frequency is the lowest natural resonant frequency of a system. For a sonic horn it is the published nameplate frequency at which the horn delivers maximum cleaning energy.",[228],{"title":229,"url":230},"Wikipedia — Fundamental frequency","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFundamental_frequency","glossary\u002Ffundamental-frequency","yoqzKueqavnquJYq4CSlQR5iTTxQstFLlnjbndf-AD4",{"id":234,"title":111,"aliases":235,"body":237,"category":130,"description":300,"extension":132,"meta":301,"navigation":134,"path":91,"relatedTerms":302,"seo":304,"sources":307,"stem":311,"term":111,"__hash__":312},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fharmonic.md",[92,236],"overtones",{"type":52,"value":238,"toc":295},[239,251,255,258,262,273,275],[55,240,241,242,244,245,247,248,250],{},"A ",[58,243,138],{}," is an integer multiple of a ",[62,246,163],{"href":86},". A 75 Hz ",[62,249,167],{"href":122}," radiates energy at 75 Hz (the fundamental, also called the first harmonic), with smaller amounts at 150 Hz (second harmonic), 225 Hz (third), and so on. The harmonic spectrum is what gives a real horn a richer, less pure tone than an idealised single-frequency source.",[68,252,254],{"id":253},"why-harmonics-matter-in-cleaning","Why harmonics matter in cleaning",[55,256,257],{},"Most of the cleaning work is done by the fundamental, because energy is concentrated there. Harmonics extend the effective frequency content of the horn, which can be helpful where the vessel contains internals with mixed resonant characteristics — a horn nominally rated at 75 Hz also contributes some cleaning at higher harmonic frequencies useful for finer dust pockets.",[68,259,261],{"id":260},"why-harmonics-matter-in-vibration-analysis","Why harmonics matter in vibration analysis",[55,263,264,265,269,270,272],{},"Plant vibration teams analysing tube banks, fan shafts or duct supports look for energy at the horn fundamental ",[266,267,268],"em",{},"and"," its harmonics. Avoiding overlap with structural ",[62,271,190],{"href":135}," modes is part of multi-horn installation design.",[68,274,97],{"id":96},[99,276,277,281,285,289],{},[102,278,279],{},[62,280,106],{"href":86},[102,282,283],{},[62,284,201],{"href":200},[102,286,287],{},[62,288,47],{"href":135},[102,290,291],{},[62,292,294],{"href":293},"\u002Fglossary\u002Foctave-band","Octave band",{"title":125,"searchDepth":126,"depth":126,"links":296},[297,298,299],{"id":253,"depth":126,"text":254},{"id":260,"depth":126,"text":261},{"id":96,"depth":126,"text":97},"A harmonic is an integer multiple of a fundamental frequency. A 75 Hz sonic horn radiates energy at 75 Hz (the fundamental, also called the first harmonic), with smaller amounts at 150 Hz (second harmonic), 225 Hz (third), and so on. The harmonic spectrum is what gives a real horn a richer, less pure tone than an idealised single-frequency source.",{},[137,222,190,303],"octave-band",{"title":305,"description":306},"Harmonic — what harmonics mean for sonic horn output","A harmonic is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency. A sonic horn radiates energy mainly at its fundamental, with progressively less at higher harmonics.",[308],{"title":309,"url":310},"Wikipedia — Harmonic","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHarmonic","glossary\u002Fharmonic","9sMDXr6qzdijc9JjD2Hafuw9OGckGTLi2Qm7kE2IltA",{"id":314,"title":117,"aliases":315,"body":318,"category":130,"description":370,"extension":132,"meta":371,"navigation":134,"path":116,"relatedTerms":372,"seo":373,"sources":376,"stem":380,"term":117,"__hash__":381},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fstanding-wave.md",[316,317],"stationary wave","acoustic standing wave",{"type":52,"value":319,"toc":365},[320,331,335,338,342,348,350],[55,321,241,322,325,326,330],{},[58,323,324],{},"standing wave"," is the stationary interference pattern produced when an outgoing sound wave overlaps with its reflection from a vessel boundary. Pressure does not propagate; instead it oscillates in fixed positions of high amplitude (antinodes) separated by positions of zero amplitude (nodes) spaced one half-",[62,327,329],{"href":328},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwavelength","wavelength"," apart.",[68,332,334],{"id":333},"implications-for-cleaning","Implications for cleaning",[55,336,337],{},"Cleaning energy is delivered at antinodes; nodes do almost nothing. In a vessel small enough for standing waves to form, a single horn can leave predictable dead zones where deposits continue to build. Multi-horn array design, off-axis mounting and dithering the firing sequence are the practical countermeasures.",[68,339,341],{"id":340},"when-standing-waves-dominate","When standing waves dominate",[55,343,344,345,347],{},"Standing-wave behaviour is strongest in vessels whose internal dimensions are comparable to the ",[62,346,329],{"href":328},". A 60 Hz horn (λ ≈ 5.7 m) interacts strongly with vessels of similar size; in much larger vessels the wave is too small to form clean standing patterns and the energy distribution is closer to a free-field projection.",[68,349,97],{"id":96},[99,351,352,357,361],{},[102,353,354],{},[62,355,356],{"href":328},"Wavelength",[102,358,359],{},[62,360,47],{"href":135},[102,362,363],{},[62,364,201],{"href":200},{"title":125,"searchDepth":126,"depth":126,"links":366},[367,368,369],{"id":333,"depth":126,"text":334},{"id":340,"depth":126,"text":341},{"id":96,"depth":126,"text":97},"A standing wave is the stationary interference pattern produced when an outgoing sound wave overlaps with its reflection from a vessel boundary. Pressure does not propagate; instead it oscillates in fixed positions of high amplitude (antinodes) separated by positions of zero amplitude (nodes) spaced one half-wavelength apart.",{},[329,190,222],{"title":374,"description":375},"Standing wave — nodes, antinodes and dead zones in acoustic cleaning","A standing wave is a stationary interference pattern that creates nodes (zero pressure, low cleaning) and antinodes (peak pressure, high cleaning). Horn placement is designed to minimise dead zones.",[377],{"title":378,"url":379},"Wikipedia — Standing wave","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FStanding_wave","glossary\u002Fstanding-wave","r4uiQNwZZceASKQLW10T_BDr4ZgzTjnX2iedM8gibak",{"id":383,"title":123,"aliases":384,"body":388,"category":596,"description":597,"extension":132,"meta":598,"navigation":134,"path":122,"relatedTerms":599,"seo":605,"sources":608,"stem":618,"term":123,"__hash__":619},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn.md",[385,386,387],"sonic horns","sonic cleaning horn","industrial sonic horn",{"type":52,"value":389,"toc":589},[390,423,427,435,439,506,510,547,551,559,561],[55,391,241,392,394,395,399,400,404,405,404,409,404,413,417,418,422],{},[58,393,167],{}," is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of ",[62,396,398],{"href":397},"\u002Fglossary\u002Facoustic-cleaner","acoustic cleaner"," and the default specification for cleaning ",[62,401,403],{"href":402},"\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","ESPs",", ",[62,406,408],{"href":407},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffabric-filter","baghouses",[62,410,412],{"href":411},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fselective-catalytic-reduction","SCR catalysts",[62,414,416],{"href":415},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater","boiler heat-transfer surfaces"," and ",[62,419,421],{"href":420},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhopper","hoppers and silos",".",[68,424,426],{"id":425},"how-a-sonic-horn-works","How a sonic horn works",[55,428,429,430,434],{},"Compressed plant air admitted through a ",[62,431,433],{"href":432},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsolenoid-valve","solenoid valve"," drives a metal diaphragm — typically titanium or 316 stainless — into resonant oscillation at the horn's fundamental frequency. The oscillating pressure field is amplified by an exponential bell horn and projected into the vessel as a near-spherical sound wave. Particulate already deposited on internal surfaces receives an oscillating acceleration that overcomes adhesion; loosened material is then carried out with the gas flow before it can sinter, bridge or bond. Because the cleaning is acoustic and non-contact, the horn can fire while the plant is online without tube erosion, refractory damage or thermal shock.",[68,436,438],{"id":437},"key-parameters","Key parameters",[440,441,442,455],"table",{},[443,444,445],"thead",{},[446,447,448,452],"tr",{},[449,450,451],"th",{},"Parameter",[449,453,454],{},"Typical range",[456,457,458,466,474,482,490,498],"tbody",{},[446,459,460,463],{},[461,462,106],"td",{},[461,464,465],{},"60–400 Hz",[446,467,468,471],{},[461,469,470],{},"Sound pressure level",[461,472,473],{},"140–180 dB",[446,475,476,479],{},[461,477,478],{},"Compressed-air consumption",[461,480,481],{},"8–14 Nm³\u002Fmin at 4–7 bar",[446,483,484,487],{},[461,485,486],{},"Operating temperature (with appropriate materials)",[461,488,489],{},"−40 °C to +500 °C",[446,491,492,495],{},[461,493,494],{},"Firing cycle",[461,496,497],{},"5–15 s burst, repeated every 3–15 minutes",[446,499,500,503],{},[461,501,502],{},"Mass",[461,504,505],{},"15–60 kg depending on horn size",[68,507,509],{"id":508},"frequency-selection","Frequency selection",[55,511,512,513,404,517,521,522,404,526,530,531,404,534,538,539,417,543,422],{},"Lower frequencies (60–125 Hz) project longer wavelengths and penetrate further into large open vessels — ",[62,514,516],{"href":515},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpreheater-cyclone","preheater cyclones",[62,518,520],{"href":519},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frecovery-boiler","recovery-boiler superheaters",", large ",[62,523,525],{"href":524},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-field-bus-section","ESP fields",[62,527,529],{"href":528},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsilo","silos",". Higher frequencies (230–400 Hz) carry more energy per unit volume and suit finer dust loads in ",[62,532,533],{"href":407},"fabric-filter compartments",[62,535,537],{"href":536},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhoneycomb-catalyst","catalyst layers"," and smaller hopper geometries. See ",[62,540,542],{"href":541},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","low-frequency acoustic cleaner",[62,544,546],{"href":545},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhigh-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","high-frequency acoustic cleaner",[68,548,550],{"id":549},"sonic-horn-vs-steam-sootblower","Sonic horn vs steam sootblower",[55,552,553,554,558],{},"Sonic horns are increasingly specified alongside or in place of ",[62,555,557],{"href":556},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsteam-sootblower","steam sootblowers"," because they consume no boiler-grade steam, cause no tube erosion, require almost no moving parts and can fire every few minutes without operator intervention. They are less effective on hard, fused slag than retractable steam lances, so on furnace waterwalls and high-temperature superheaters they typically complement rather than replace mechanical cleaning.",[68,560,97],{"id":96},[99,562,563,568,574,580,584],{},[102,564,565],{},[62,566,567],{"href":397},"Acoustic cleaner",[102,569,570],{},[62,571,573],{"href":572},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-sootblower","Sonic sootblower",[102,575,576],{},[62,577,579],{"href":578},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbell-horn","Bell horn",[102,581,582],{},[62,583,214],{"href":64},[102,585,586],{},[62,587,588],{"href":541},"Low-frequency acoustic cleaner",{"title":125,"searchDepth":126,"depth":126,"links":590},[591,592,593,594,595],{"id":425,"depth":126,"text":426},{"id":437,"depth":126,"text":438},{"id":508,"depth":126,"text":509},{"id":549,"depth":126,"text":550},{"id":96,"depth":126,"text":97},"core-technology","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of acoustic cleaner and the default specification for cleaning ESPs, baghouses, SCR catalysts, boiler heat-transfer surfaces and hoppers and silos.",{},[600,601,602,603,223,604],"acoustic-cleaner","acoustic-cleaning-system","sonic-sootblower","bell-horn","low-frequency-acoustic-cleaner",{"title":606,"description":607},"Sonic horn — definition, frequency, SPL and industrial applications","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven low-frequency sound emitter (typically 60–400 Hz at 140–180 dB SPL) used to dislodge particulate fouling from boilers, ESPs, baghouses and process vessels.",[609,612,615],{"title":610,"url":611},"Power Engineering — Sonic Horns: A User's Introduction","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Fsonic-horns-a-userrsquos-introduction\u002F",{"title":613,"url":614},"Power Engineering — Tuning in to Acoustic Cleaning","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Ftuning-in-to-acoustic-cleaning\u002F",{"title":616,"url":617},"Wikipedia — Sonic soot blowers","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSonic_soot_blowers","glossary\u002Fsonic-horn","YzrhN0kKzqSaQo0wfn0rueNZ-V43mcg5zahqeWi3lnU",1782613716035]