[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":807},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:removal-efficiency":45,"glossary-related:removal-efficiency":258},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":51,"category":239,"description":240,"extension":241,"meta":242,"navigation":243,"path":244,"relatedTerms":245,"seo":249,"sources":252,"stem":256,"term":47,"__hash__":257},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fremoval-efficiency.md","Removal efficiency",[49,50],"DRE","destruction and removal efficiency",{"type":52,"value":53,"toc":233},"minimark",[54,67,162,167,204,211,215],[55,56,57,60,61,66],"p",{},[58,59,47],"strong",{}," is the fraction of a target pollutant removed by an emissions-control device, parallel to ",[62,63,65],"a",{"href":64},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcollection-efficiency","collection efficiency"," for particulate. Removal efficiency is the standard KPI for gaseous-pollutant control:",[68,69,70,86],"table",{},[71,72,73],"thead",{},[74,75,76,80,83],"tr",{},[77,78,79],"th",{},"Device",[77,81,82],{},"Target",[77,84,85],{},"Typical removal efficiency",[87,88,89,104,117,128,138,148],"tbody",{},[74,90,91,98,101],{},[92,93,94],"td",{},[62,95,97],{"href":96},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fselective-catalytic-reduction","SCR",[92,99,100],{},"NOx",[92,102,103],{},"80–95%",[74,105,106,112,114],{},[92,107,108],{},[62,109,111],{"href":110},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fselective-non-catalytic-reduction","SNCR",[92,113,100],{},[92,115,116],{},"30–60%",[74,118,119,122,125],{},[92,120,121],{},"Wet FGD",[92,123,124],{},"SO₂",[92,126,127],{},"95–98%",[74,129,130,133,135],{},[92,131,132],{},"Dry FGD (CFB scrubber)",[92,134,124],{},[92,136,137],{},"85–95%",[74,139,140,143,146],{},[92,141,142],{},"Activated carbon injection",[92,144,145],{},"Mercury",[92,147,103],{},[74,149,150,156,159],{},[92,151,152],{},[62,153,155],{"href":154},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fclaus-unit-sulphur-recovery-unit","Claus unit \u002F SRU",[92,157,158],{},"H₂S → S",[92,160,161],{},"95–99.9% (multi-stage)",[163,164,166],"h2",{"id":165},"how-fouling-degrades-removal-efficiency","How fouling degrades removal efficiency",[168,169,170,187,193],"ul",{},[171,172,173,176,177,181,182,186],"li",{},[58,174,175],{},"SCR catalyst"," — ",[62,178,180],{"href":179},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcatalyst-masking","masking"," and ",[62,183,185],{"href":184},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcatalyst-pluggage","pluggage"," reduce active surface area",[171,188,189,192],{},[58,190,191],{},"Wet scrubbers"," — internal scaling and spray-distribution problems reduce gas-liquid contact",[171,194,195,198,199,203],{},[58,196,197],{},"AIG"," — fouled ",[62,200,202],{"href":201},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fammonia-injection-grid","ammonia injection grids"," cause maldistribution",[55,205,206,210],{},[62,207,209],{"href":208},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","Sonic horns"," on SCR catalyst layers directly defend NOx-reduction efficiency.",[163,212,214],{"id":213},"related-terms","Related terms",[168,216,217,222,227],{},[171,218,219],{},[62,220,221],{"href":64},"Collection efficiency",[171,223,224],{},[62,225,226],{"href":96},"Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)",[171,228,229],{},[62,230,232],{"href":231},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fnox-reduction-efficiency","NOx reduction efficiency",{"title":234,"searchDepth":235,"depth":235,"links":236},"",2,[237,238],{"id":165,"depth":235,"text":166},{"id":213,"depth":235,"text":214},"kpis-measurements","Removal efficiency is the fraction of a target pollutant removed by an emissions-control device, parallel to collection efficiency for particulate. Removal efficiency is the standard KPI for gaseous-pollutant control:","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Fremoval-efficiency",[246,247,248],"collection-efficiency","selective-catalytic-reduction","nox-reduction-efficiency",{"title":250,"description":251},"Removal efficiency — fraction of pollutant removed by an emissions-control device","Removal efficiency is the fraction of a target pollutant removed by an emissions-control device. Used for gaseous pollutants (SCR NOx removal, FGD SO2 removal) parallel to PM collection efficiency.",[253],{"title":254,"url":255},"Wikipedia — Air pollution control","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAir_pollution_control","glossary\u002Fremoval-efficiency","l1m1QM5KjZ-lojct_xVXjdwWsz61m7ult6BzCOaAuTE",[259,462,626],{"id":260,"title":221,"aliases":261,"body":264,"category":239,"description":447,"extension":241,"meta":448,"navigation":243,"path":64,"relatedTerms":449,"seo":453,"sources":456,"stem":460,"term":221,"__hash__":461},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fcollection-efficiency.md",[65,262,263],"capture efficiency","ESP collection efficiency",{"type":52,"value":265,"toc":442},[266,285,289,366,370,373,415,420,422],[55,267,268,270,271,275,276,275,280,284],{},[58,269,221],{}," is the fraction of inlet particulate captured by an ",[62,272,274],{"href":273},"\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","ESP",", ",[62,277,279],{"href":278},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbaghouse","baghouse",[62,281,283],{"href":282},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcyclone-separator","cyclone"," or other particulate-control device. It is calculated as (inlet mass loading − outlet mass loading) \u002F inlet mass loading and reported as a percentage.",[163,286,288],{"id":287},"typical-values","Typical values",[68,290,291,300],{},[71,292,293],{},[74,294,295,297],{},[77,296,79],{},[77,298,299],{},"Typical collection efficiency",[87,301,302,313,323,334,345,355],{},[74,303,304,310],{},[92,305,306,307],{},"Single ",[62,308,309],{"href":282},"cyclone separator",[92,311,312],{},"70–90%",[74,314,315,321],{},[92,316,317],{},[62,318,320],{"href":319},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fmulti-cyclone-multiclone","Multi-cyclone",[92,322,137],{},[74,324,325,331],{},[92,326,327],{},[62,328,330],{"href":329},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fventuri-scrubber","Venturi scrubber",[92,332,333],{},"95–99%",[74,335,336,342],{},[92,337,338,341],{},[62,339,340],{"href":273},"Electrostatic precipitator"," (modern)",[92,343,344],{},"99.5–99.95%",[74,346,347,352],{},[92,348,349],{},[62,350,351],{"href":278},"Baghouse",[92,353,354],{},"99.9–99.99%",[74,356,357,363],{},[92,358,359],{},[62,360,362],{"href":361},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwet-esp","Wet ESP (WESP)",[92,364,365],{},"99.9% (especially fine PM)",[163,367,369],{"id":368},"how-fouling-erodes-collection-efficiency","How fouling erodes collection efficiency",[55,371,372],{},"Each device fouls in characteristic ways that degrade its collection efficiency:",[168,374,375,391,404],{},[171,376,377,176,379,275,383,275,387],{},[58,378,274],{},[62,380,382],{"href":381},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fback-corona","back-corona",[62,384,386],{"href":385},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-hopper","hopper bridging",[62,388,390],{"href":389},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fre-entrainment","re-entrainment",[171,392,393,176,395,275,399,403],{},[58,394,351],{},[62,396,398],{"href":397},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbag-blinding","bag blinding",[62,400,402],{"href":401},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcake-bridging-cake-blinding","cake bridging",", bag failures",[171,405,406,409,410,414],{},[58,407,408],{},"Cyclone"," — wall build-up, ",[62,411,413],{"href":412},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcyclone-dipleg","dipleg"," pluggage",[55,416,417,419],{},[62,418,209],{"href":208}," address the first three mechanisms in their respective applications.",[163,421,214],{"id":213},[168,423,424,428,432,436],{},[171,425,426],{},[62,427,340],{"href":273},[171,429,430],{},[62,431,351],{"href":278},[171,433,434],{},[62,435,47],{"href":244},[171,437,438],{},[62,439,441],{"href":440},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fspecific-collection-area","Specific collection area (SCA)",{"title":234,"searchDepth":235,"depth":235,"links":443},[444,445,446],{"id":287,"depth":235,"text":288},{"id":368,"depth":235,"text":369},{"id":213,"depth":235,"text":214},"Collection efficiency is the fraction of inlet particulate captured by an ESP, baghouse, cyclone or other particulate-control device. It is calculated as (inlet mass loading − outlet mass loading) \u002F inlet mass loading and reported as a percentage.",{},[450,279,451,452],"electrostatic-precipitator","removal-efficiency","specific-collection-area",{"title":454,"description":455},"Collection efficiency — fraction of inlet particulate captured by the cleaning device","Collection efficiency is the fraction of inlet particulate captured by an ESP, baghouse or cyclone. Reported as a percentage; modern ESPs achieve 99.5%+, baghouses 99.9%+.",[457],{"title":458,"url":459},"EPA — Monitoring Knowledge Base: Electrostatic Precipitators","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epa.gov\u002Fair-emissions-monitoring-knowledge-base\u002Fmonitoring-control-technique-electrostatic-precipitators","glossary\u002Fcollection-efficiency","_cGtM6lyYxWcd21mZNA6in_t4XcwLZgPZBCgilBKMek",{"id":463,"title":226,"aliases":464,"body":467,"category":601,"description":602,"extension":241,"meta":603,"navigation":243,"path":96,"relatedTerms":604,"seo":613,"sources":616,"stem":623,"term":624,"__hash__":625},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fselective-catalytic-reduction.md",[97,465,466],"SCR system","SCR reactor",{"type":52,"value":468,"toc":596},[469,487,491,506,510,513,540,556,558],[55,470,471,473,474,478,479,181,483,486],{},[58,472,226],{}," is the dominant flue-gas NOx-control technology on coal-fired and gas-fired utility boilers, ",[62,475,477],{"href":476},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fheat-recovery-steam-generator","HRSGs"," in combined-cycle plants, ",[62,480,482],{"href":481},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","waste-to-energy",[62,484,485],{"href":481},"biomass"," boilers, cement plants and major refining furnaces. Ammonia or aqueous urea is injected upstream of a catalyst bed; the catalyst lowers the activation energy for the reaction NOx + NH₃ → N₂ + H₂O, achieving 80–95% NOx reduction across the reactor.",[163,488,490],{"id":489},"reactor-layout","Reactor layout",[55,492,493,494,497,498,501,502,505],{},"A typical SCR reactor is a vertical or horizontal duct containing 2–4 layers of catalyst modules. Upstream of the catalyst sits the ",[62,495,496],{"href":201},"ammonia injection grid (AIG)"," that distributes the ammonia evenly into the flue gas. Most installations operate in the ",[58,499,500],{},"high-dust"," position (between economiser and air heater) where catalyst temperature is around 300–400 °C; ",[58,503,504],{},"tail-end"," SCRs sit downstream of particulate control at lower temperatures, with the trade-off of needing flue-gas reheating.",[163,507,509],{"id":508},"fouling-and-cleaning","Fouling and cleaning",[55,511,512],{},"SCR catalysts foul in two ways:",[168,514,515,532],{},[171,516,517,522,523,181,527,531],{},[58,518,519],{},[62,520,521],{"href":184},"Pluggage"," — fly ash, ",[62,524,526],{"href":525},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpopcorn-ash","popcorn ash",[62,528,530],{"href":529},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flarge-particle-ash","large-particle ash"," wedge into the catalyst cells, blocking the gas path",[171,533,534,539],{},[58,535,536],{},[62,537,538],{"href":179},"Masking"," — a thin layer of deposit covers the active sites; gas flow continues but catalytic activity falls",[55,541,542,543,547,548,275,552,555],{},"Both reduce NOx-reduction efficiency, raise ",[62,544,546],{"href":545},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fammonia-slip","ammonia slip",", and shorten catalyst life. Cleaning options include steam ",[62,549,551],{"href":550},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsteam-sootblower","sootblowers",[62,553,554],{"href":208},"sonic horns"," and offline campaigns (vacuum \u002F water wash \u002F regeneration). Sonic horns are increasingly favoured because they continuously dislodge ash before it cements onto the catalyst face, without the steam erosion of mechanical sootblowing.",[163,557,214],{"id":213},[168,559,560,565,570,575,580,585,591],{},[171,561,562],{},[62,563,564],{"href":110},"Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)",[171,566,567],{},[62,568,569],{"href":201},"Ammonia injection grid",[171,571,572],{},[62,573,574],{"href":545},"Ammonia slip",[171,576,577],{},[62,578,579],{"href":179},"Catalyst masking",[171,581,582],{},[62,583,584],{"href":184},"Catalyst pluggage",[171,586,587],{},[62,588,590],{"href":589},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhoneycomb-catalyst","Honeycomb catalyst",[171,592,593],{},[62,594,595],{"href":208},"Sonic horn",{"title":234,"searchDepth":235,"depth":235,"links":597},[598,599,600],{"id":489,"depth":235,"text":490},{"id":508,"depth":235,"text":509},{"id":213,"depth":235,"text":214},"scr-sncr","Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) is the dominant flue-gas NOx-control technology on coal-fired and gas-fired utility boilers, HRSGs in combined-cycle plants, waste-to-energy and biomass boilers, cement plants and major refining furnaces. Ammonia or aqueous urea is injected upstream of a catalyst bed; the catalyst lowers the activation energy for the reaction NOx + NH₃ → N₂ + H₂O, achieving 80–95% NOx reduction across the reactor.",{},[605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612],"selective-non-catalytic-reduction","denox","ammonia-injection-grid","ammonia-slip","catalyst-masking","catalyst-pluggage","honeycomb-catalyst","sonic-horn",{"title":614,"description":615},"Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) — how the dominant NOx-control technology works","SCR is the dominant NOx-control technology on industrial combustion plant. Ammonia is injected upstream of a catalyst that converts NOx to nitrogen and water.",[617,620],{"title":618,"url":619},"Wikipedia — Selective catalytic reduction","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSelective_catalytic_reduction",{"title":621,"url":622},"Power Engineering — SCR Catalyst Cleaning: Sootblowers vs. Acoustic Horns","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Foperations-maintenance\u002Fscr-catalyst-cleaningsootblowers-vs-acoustic-horns\u002F","glossary\u002Fselective-catalytic-reduction","Selective Catalytic Reduction","fmMCMd4NY3eZdSk_UYlbZ9ryi-9CR2Os6DivQjXEPCU",{"id":627,"title":232,"aliases":628,"body":632,"category":601,"description":795,"extension":241,"meta":796,"navigation":243,"path":231,"relatedTerms":797,"seo":798,"sources":801,"stem":805,"term":232,"__hash__":806},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fnox-reduction-efficiency.md",[629,630,631],"DeNOx efficiency","SCR efficiency","NOx conversion",{"type":52,"value":633,"toc":789},[634,650,654,713,717,756,760,769,771],[55,635,636,638,639,643,644,646,647,649],{},[58,637,232],{}," is the percentage of NOx removed from the flue gas by a ",[62,640,642],{"href":641},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdenox","DeNOx"," system, calculated as (NOx_in − NOx_out) \u002F NOx_in. It is the headline KPI for any ",[62,645,97],{"href":96}," or ",[62,648,111],{"href":110}," installation and the figure permit compliance is measured against.",[163,651,653],{"id":652},"typical-performance","Typical performance",[68,655,656,671],{},[71,657,658],{},[74,659,660,663,666],{},[77,661,662],{},"System",[77,664,665],{},"Reduction range",[77,667,668,669],{},"Typical ",[62,670,546],{"href":545},[87,672,673,683,694,703],{},[74,674,675,678,680],{},[92,676,677],{},"SCR (high-dust)",[92,679,103],{},[92,681,682],{},"2–5 ppm",[74,684,685,688,691],{},[92,686,687],{},"SCR (tail-end)",[92,689,690],{},"90–98%",[92,692,693],{},"1–3 ppm",[74,695,696,698,700],{},[92,697,111],{},[92,699,116],{},[92,701,702],{},"5–10 ppm",[74,704,705,708,711],{},[92,706,707],{},"Combined SNCR + SCR",[92,709,710],{},"up to 99%",[92,712,682],{},[163,714,716],{"id":715},"what-erodes-efficiency-over-time","What erodes efficiency over time",[168,718,719,726,735,742,750],{},[171,720,721,725],{},[58,722,723],{},[62,724,579],{"href":179}," — fine ash blanket reducing active surface area",[171,727,728,734],{},[58,729,730],{},[62,731,733],{"href":732},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcatalyst-poisoning","Catalyst poisoning"," — chemical de-activation",[171,736,737,741],{},[58,738,739],{},[62,740,584],{"href":184}," — channel blockage and gas channelling",[171,743,744,749],{},[58,745,746,748],{},[62,747,197],{"href":201}," distribution drift"," — uneven NH₃\u002FNOx mixing",[171,751,752,755],{},[58,753,754],{},"Operating outside the temperature window"," — too cool or too hot for the catalyst",[163,757,759],{"id":758},"how-cleaning-preserves-efficiency","How cleaning preserves efficiency",[55,761,762,764,765,768],{},[62,763,209],{"href":208}," and steam ",[62,766,551],{"href":767},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-sootblower"," attack masking and pluggage directly. A well-cleaned catalyst maintains 85–90% of its initial efficiency for 30,000 operating hours, against 60–70% for a poorly cleaned catalyst of the same age. The economic case for active cleaning is therefore measured in deferred catalyst replacement and avoided ammonia-over-injection cost.",[163,770,214],{"id":213},[168,772,773,777,781,785],{},[171,774,775],{},[62,776,226],{"href":96},[171,778,779],{},[62,780,564],{"href":110},[171,782,783],{},[62,784,574],{"href":545},[171,786,787],{},[62,788,579],{"href":179},{"title":234,"searchDepth":235,"depth":235,"links":790},[791,792,793,794],{"id":652,"depth":235,"text":653},{"id":715,"depth":235,"text":716},{"id":758,"depth":235,"text":759},{"id":213,"depth":235,"text":214},"NOx reduction efficiency is the percentage of NOx removed from the flue gas by a DeNOx system, calculated as (NOx_in − NOx_out) \u002F NOx_in. It is the headline KPI for any SCR or SNCR installation and the figure permit compliance is measured against.",{},[247,605,608,609],{"title":799,"description":800},"NOx reduction efficiency — the headline KPI for SCR and SNCR systems","NOx reduction efficiency is the percentage of inlet NOx removed by the DeNOx system. The headline KPI for SCR (80–95%) and SNCR (30–60%) operation.",[802],{"title":803,"url":804},"Power Engineering — Selective Catalytic Reduction: Operational Issues","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fenvironmental-emissions\u002Fselective-catalytic-reduction-operational-issues-and-guidelines\u002F","glossary\u002Fnox-reduction-efficiency","Xfcyi2ujLtvybPvlNwYTJpUqlszO7aEsUUq3q0gVXkw",1782613746508]