[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":782},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:rdf-srf-tdf":45,"glossary-related:rdf-srf-tdf":240},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":55,"category":221,"description":222,"extension":223,"meta":224,"navigation":225,"path":226,"relatedTerms":227,"seo":230,"sources":233,"stem":237,"term":238,"__hash__":239},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Frdf-srf-tdf.md","RDF \u002F SRF \u002F TDF",[49,50,51,52,53,54],"refuse-derived fuel","solid recovered fuel","tyre-derived fuel","RDF","SRF","TDF",{"type":56,"value":57,"toc":214},"minimark",[58,82,156,161,180,184,192,196],[59,60,61,64,65,67,68,70,71,76,77,81],"p",{},[62,63,52],"strong",{},", ",[62,66,53],{}," and ",[62,69,54],{}," are the three dominant waste-derived ",[72,73,75],"a",{"href":74},"\u002Fglossary\u002Falternative-fuel","alternative fuels"," used in cement kilns, ",[72,78,80],{"href":79},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","waste-to-energy"," plants and industrial boilers.",[83,84,85,104],"table",{},[86,87,88],"thead",{},[89,90,91,95,98,101],"tr",{},[92,93,94],"th",{},"Fuel",[92,96,97],{},"Source",[92,99,100],{},"Specification",[92,102,103],{},"Calorific value",[105,106,107,124,140],"tbody",{},[89,108,109,115,118,121],{},[110,111,112,114],"td",{},[62,113,52],{}," (Refuse-Derived Fuel)",[110,116,117],{},"Municipal solid waste, lightly processed",[110,119,120],{},"Loose, no formal CEN\u002FTS specification",[110,122,123],{},"12–18 MJ\u002Fkg",[89,125,126,131,134,137],{},[110,127,128,130],{},[62,129,53],{}," (Solid Recovered Fuel)",[110,132,133],{},"MSW + commercial waste, processed to CEN\u002FTS 15359 spec",[110,135,136],{},"Defined particle size, ash content, calorific value, Cl, Hg",[110,138,139],{},"15–20 MJ\u002Fkg",[89,141,142,147,150,153],{},[110,143,144,146],{},[62,145,54],{}," (Tyre-Derived Fuel)",[110,148,149],{},"End-of-life tyres, shredded",[110,151,152],{},"Shred-size grade or whole-tyre",[110,154,155],{},"28–35 MJ\u002Fkg",[157,158,160],"h2",{"id":159},"trade-offs","Trade-offs",[162,163,164,170,175],"ul",{},[165,166,167,169],"li",{},[62,168,52],{},": cheap, high availability, variable composition; high chlorine swings",[165,171,172,174],{},[62,173,53],{},": more consistent and predictable than RDF; commands premium gate fees",[165,176,177,179],{},[62,178,54],{},": very high calorific value, supplies iron and sulphur to clinker chemistry; rubber-handling logistics",[157,181,183],{"id":182},"fouling-implications","Fouling implications",[59,185,186,187,191],{},"All three add chlorine, sulphur and alkali metals beyond what fossil coal contributes. The chloride loading from chlorinated plastics in RDF \u002F SRF is the dominant driver of ",[72,188,190],{"href":189},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fchloride-bypass","chloride-bypass"," sizing. TDF adds zinc and iron oxides that can affect clinker chemistry.",[157,193,195],{"id":194},"related-terms","Related terms",[162,197,198,203,209],{},[165,199,200],{},[72,201,202],{"href":74},"Alternative fuel (AFR)",[165,204,205],{},[72,206,208],{"href":207},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fthermal-substitution-rate","Thermal substitution rate (TSR)",[165,210,211],{},[72,212,213],{"href":79},"Waste-to-energy",{"title":215,"searchDepth":216,"depth":216,"links":217},"",2,[218,219,220],{"id":159,"depth":216,"text":160},{"id":182,"depth":216,"text":183},{"id":194,"depth":216,"text":195},"cement","RDF, SRF and TDF are the three dominant waste-derived alternative fuels used in cement kilns, waste-to-energy plants and industrial boilers.","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Frdf-srf-tdf",[228,229,80],"alternative-fuel","thermal-substitution-rate",{"title":231,"description":232},"RDF, SRF and TDF — the three main waste-derived alternative fuels","RDF (refuse-derived fuel), SRF (solid recovered fuel, higher spec) and TDF (tyre-derived fuel) are the three dominant waste-derived alternative fuels for cement kilns and WtE boilers.",[234],{"title":235,"url":236},"Wikipedia — Refuse-derived fuel","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRefuse-derived_fuel","glossary\u002Frdf-srf-tdf","RDF, SRF and TDF","RoQpf87g_jG3WY3RTYBUUo8tH9DaZr_5iiSblH89SVk",[241,432,583],{"id":242,"title":202,"aliases":243,"body":247,"category":221,"description":417,"extension":223,"meta":418,"navigation":225,"path":74,"relatedTerms":419,"seo":422,"sources":425,"stem":429,"term":430,"__hash__":431},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Falternative-fuel.md",[244,75,245,246],"AFR","secondary fuel","waste-derived fuel",{"type":56,"value":248,"toc":411},[249,266,270,302,306,331,335,338,373,384,386],[59,250,251,253,254,257,258,260,261,265],{},[62,252,202],{}," — sometimes ",[255,256,245],"em",{}," or ",[255,259,246],{}," — refers to non-fossil energy sources used to replace coal, petcoke and natural gas in cement-kiln combustion. The cement industry is the largest single user of AFR worldwide because the high temperatures and long residence times in a ",[72,262,264],{"href":263},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frotary-kiln","rotary kiln"," destroy organic contaminants, and the alkaline raw materials neutralise acidic combustion products.",[157,267,269],{"id":268},"common-afr-streams","Common AFR streams",[162,271,272,277,282,287,290,293,296,299],{},[165,273,274,276],{},[72,275,52],{"href":226}," — refuse-derived fuel",[165,278,279,281],{},[72,280,53],{"href":226}," — solid recovered fuel (higher-spec RDF)",[165,283,284,286],{},[72,285,54],{"href":226}," — tyre-derived fuel",[165,288,289],{},"Sewage sludge (dried)",[165,291,292],{},"Animal-meal residues",[165,294,295],{},"Agricultural residues",[165,297,298],{},"Used solvents and waste oils",[165,300,301],{},"Plastic and paper fractions",[157,303,305],{"id":304},"drivers","Drivers",[162,307,308,314,320,326],{},[165,309,310,313],{},[62,311,312],{},"CO₂ reduction"," — biomass fractions reduce net carbon emissions",[165,315,316,319],{},[62,317,318],{},"Waste-disposal economics"," — gate fees offset fuel cost",[165,321,322,325],{},[62,323,324],{},"EU ETS pressure"," — carbon prices punish fossil-fuel firing",[165,327,328],{},[62,329,330],{},"Regional waste-management policies",[157,332,334],{"id":333},"operational-consequences","Operational consequences",[59,336,337],{},"AFR firing typically intensifies several existing operational problems:",[162,339,340,347,358,365],{},[165,341,342,343],{},"More chlorine and sulphur in the ",[72,344,346],{"href":345},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsulphur-cycle-chloride-cycle-alkali-cycle","sulphur and chloride cycles",[165,348,349,350,67,354],{},"More ",[72,351,353],{"href":352},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fkiln-inlet-ring-snowman","kiln-inlet build-up",[72,355,357],{"href":356},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbuild-up-coating-accretion","preheater coatings",[165,359,360,361,364],{},"More frequent ",[72,362,363],{"href":189},"chloride bypass"," operation",[165,366,367,368,372],{},"More demanding ",[72,369,371],{"href":370},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcalciner","calciner"," burner control",[59,374,375,67,379,383],{},[72,376,378],{"href":377},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","Sonic horns",[72,380,382],{"href":381},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fair-cannon-air-blaster","air cannons"," on the preheater and kiln inlet become more important as TSR rises.",[157,385,195],{"id":194},[162,387,388,392,396,401,406],{},[165,389,390],{},[72,391,47],{"href":226},[165,393,394],{},[72,395,208],{"href":207},[165,397,398],{},[72,399,400],{"href":370},"Calciner",[165,402,403],{},[72,404,405],{"href":189},"Chloride bypass",[165,407,408],{},[72,409,410],{"href":345},"Sulphur \u002F chloride \u002F alkali cycles",{"title":215,"searchDepth":216,"depth":216,"links":412},[413,414,415,416],{"id":268,"depth":216,"text":269},{"id":304,"depth":216,"text":305},{"id":333,"depth":216,"text":334},{"id":194,"depth":216,"text":195},"Alternative fuel (AFR) — sometimes secondary fuel or waste-derived fuel — refers to non-fossil energy sources used to replace coal, petcoke and natural gas in cement-kiln combustion. The cement industry is the largest single user of AFR worldwide because the high temperatures and long residence times in a rotary kiln destroy organic contaminants, and the alkaline raw materials neutralise acidic combustion products.",{},[420,229,371,190,421],"rdf-srf-tdf","sulphur-cycle-chloride-cycle-alkali-cycle",{"title":423,"description":424},"Alternative fuel (AFR) — non-fossil fuels for cement kilns","Alternative fuels (AFR) replace fossil fuel in cement kilns. They cut CO2 emissions and waste-disposal cost but increase chlorine, sulphur and alkali loading in the kiln gas.",[426],{"title":427,"url":428},"Wikipedia — Cement kiln","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCement_kiln","glossary\u002Falternative-fuel","Alternative fuel","8a9Wktj3h9L0w-C7tMXKI-y1T31K4IsFiIBPj8b461Y",{"id":433,"title":208,"aliases":434,"body":437,"category":221,"description":572,"extension":223,"meta":573,"navigation":225,"path":207,"relatedTerms":574,"seo":575,"sources":578,"stem":580,"term":581,"__hash__":582},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fthermal-substitution-rate.md",[435,436],"TSR","alternative-fuel substitution rate",{"type":56,"value":438,"toc":567},[439,447,451,521,524,528,547,549],[59,440,441,443,444,446],{},[62,442,208],{}," is the percentage of total kiln energy input supplied by ",[72,445,75],{"href":74}," rather than fossil fuel (coal, petcoke, gas, oil). TSR is the headline AFR-adoption metric tracked by the cement industry and is central to every cement-major decarbonisation roadmap.",[157,448,450],{"id":449},"typical-tsr-ranges-by-region-2025","Typical TSR ranges by region (2025)",[83,452,453,463],{},[86,454,455],{},[89,456,457,460],{},[92,458,459],{},"Region",[92,461,462],{},"Average TSR",[105,464,465,473,481,489,497,505,513],{},[89,466,467,470],{},[110,468,469],{},"Northern Europe (DE, NL, AT)",[110,471,472],{},"60–80%",[89,474,475,478],{},[110,476,477],{},"Western Europe (FR, UK, IT, ES)",[110,479,480],{},"40–60%",[89,482,483,486],{},[110,484,485],{},"Southern Europe (GR, PT)",[110,487,488],{},"25–40%",[89,490,491,494],{},[110,492,493],{},"North America",[110,495,496],{},"15–25%",[89,498,499,502],{},[110,500,501],{},"China",[110,503,504],{},"5–10%",[89,506,507,510],{},[110,508,509],{},"India",[110,511,512],{},"10–20%",[89,514,515,518],{},[110,516,517],{},"Brazil \u002F LATAM",[110,519,520],{},"20–35%",[59,522,523],{},"Several European plants now exceed 90% TSR; the technical and procurement frontier sits beyond 95%.",[157,525,527],{"id":526},"why-higher-tsr-drives-sonic-horn-demand","Why higher TSR drives sonic-horn demand",[59,529,530,531,535,536,538,539,543,544,546],{},"Each step up in TSR raises the chlorine, sulphur and alkali loading reaching the ",[72,532,534],{"href":533},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpreheater-tower","preheater tower"," — see ",[72,537,346],{"href":345},". This intensifies coating, build-up and pluggage in the preheater, calciner and ",[72,540,542],{"href":541},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fkiln-inlet-riser-duct","kiln-inlet",", increasing the frequency and severity of cleaning interventions. ",[72,545,378],{"href":377}," become more valuable — and often more numerous — as TSR rises.",[157,548,195],{"id":194},[162,550,551,555,559,563],{},[165,552,553],{},[72,554,202],{"href":74},[165,556,557],{},[72,558,47],{"href":226},[165,560,561],{},[72,562,410],{"href":345},[165,564,565],{},[72,566,405],{"href":189},{"title":215,"searchDepth":216,"depth":216,"links":568},[569,570,571],{"id":449,"depth":216,"text":450},{"id":526,"depth":216,"text":527},{"id":194,"depth":216,"text":195},"Thermal substitution rate (TSR) is the percentage of total kiln energy input supplied by alternative fuels rather than fossil fuel (coal, petcoke, gas, oil). TSR is the headline AFR-adoption metric tracked by the cement industry and is central to every cement-major decarbonisation roadmap.",{},[228,420,421,190],{"title":576,"description":577},"Thermal substitution rate (TSR) — alternative-fuel share of kiln energy","TSR is the percentage of total kiln-energy input supplied by alternative fuels rather than fossil fuel. The headline AFR adoption metric for cement-industry decarbonisation.",[579],{"title":427,"url":428},"glossary\u002Fthermal-substitution-rate","Thermal substitution rate","BMRoxkiM8uWOoZM6LLMqgRkvW2gkEoUcqAsOAS198bI",{"id":584,"title":585,"aliases":586,"body":591,"category":762,"description":763,"extension":223,"meta":764,"navigation":225,"path":79,"relatedTerms":765,"seo":770,"sources":773,"stem":780,"term":213,"__hash__":781},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy.md","Waste-to-energy (WtE \u002F EfW)",[587,588,589,590],"WtE","EfW","energy-from-waste","MSW incineration",{"type":56,"value":592,"toc":757},[593,614,640,644,647,676,689,693,728,730],[59,594,595,598,599,602,603,64,607,609,610,613],{},[62,596,597],{},"Waste-to-energy (WtE)"," — equivalently ",[255,600,601],{},"energy-from-waste (EfW)"," — burns ",[72,604,606],{"href":605},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fmunicipal-solid-waste","municipal solid waste (MSW)",[72,608,238],{"href":226},", commercial waste and some industrial waste streams to generate steam and electricity. WtE is the fastest-growing application for industrial ",[72,611,612],{"href":377},"sonic horns"," worldwide, driven by:",[162,615,616,622,628,634],{},[165,617,618,621],{},[62,619,620],{},"EU policy"," — landfill diversion targets, EU ETS extension to WtE from 2028",[165,623,624,627],{},[62,625,626],{},"UK"," — recent tightening of criteria for new WtE plants raises operating-efficiency expectations",[165,629,630,633],{},[62,631,632],{},"EPC pipeline"," — major projects from Hitachi Zosen Inova \u002F Kanadevia Inova, Babcock & Wilcox Vølund, Paprec Énergies, Keppel Seghers, ANDRITZ, Valmet",[165,635,636,639],{},[62,637,638],{},"Operator economics"," — tipping fees underwrite high-availability targets",[157,641,643],{"id":642},"why-wte-is-uniquely-fouling-prone","Why WtE is uniquely fouling-prone",[59,645,646],{},"Three converging factors make WtE boilers harder to clean than conventional fossil-fuel plants:",[162,648,649,660,670],{},[165,650,651,654,655,659],{},[62,652,653],{},"High chlorine content"," in waste fuels → ",[72,656,658],{"href":657},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fchloride-induced-corrosion","chloride corrosion"," and sticky deposits",[165,661,662,665,666],{},[62,663,664],{},"High alkali content"," (Na, K from food, paper, biomass fractions) → ",[72,667,669],{"href":668},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-melt-sticky-ash","low-melt sticky ash",[165,671,672,675],{},[62,673,674],{},"Variable fuel composition"," → unpredictable fouling intensity",[59,677,678,679,683,684,688],{},"Conventional steam ",[72,680,682],{"href":681},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsteam-sootblower","sootblowing"," accelerates ",[72,685,687],{"href":686},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ftube-erosion-tube-wastage","tube wastage"," on the chloride-rich, low-melt deposits typical of WtE; acoustic cleaning is the safer alternative.",[157,690,692],{"id":691},"where-sonic-horns-sit-in-wte-plants","Where sonic horns sit in WtE plants",[162,694,695,701,712,718,723],{},[165,696,697,700],{},[62,698,699],{},"Boiler convective pass"," — superheater, evaporator, economiser tube banks",[165,702,703,706,707,711],{},[62,704,705],{},"SCR catalyst layers"," — high-dust ",[72,708,710],{"href":709},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fselective-catalytic-reduction","SCR"," on WtE",[165,713,714,717],{},[62,715,716],{},"Flue-gas ducting"," between boiler and treatment train",[165,719,720],{},[62,721,722],{},"Bag-filter compartments and hoppers",[165,724,725],{},[62,726,727],{},"Bottom-ash and fly-ash hoppers",[157,729,195],{"id":194},[162,731,732,737,741,747,752],{},[165,733,734],{},[72,735,736],{"href":605},"Municipal solid waste (MSW)",[165,738,739],{},[72,740,47],{"href":226},[165,742,743],{},[72,744,746],{"href":745},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fgrate-fired-boiler-mass-burn-incinerator","Grate-fired boiler \u002F mass-burn incinerator",[165,748,749],{},[72,750,751],{"href":657},"Chloride-induced corrosion",[165,753,754],{},[72,755,756],{"href":377},"Sonic horn",{"title":215,"searchDepth":216,"depth":216,"links":758},[759,760,761],{"id":642,"depth":216,"text":643},{"id":691,"depth":216,"text":692},{"id":194,"depth":216,"text":195},"wte-biomass","Waste-to-energy (WtE) — equivalently energy-from-waste (EfW) — burns municipal solid waste (MSW), RDF, SRF and TDF, commercial waste and some industrial waste streams to generate steam and electricity. WtE is the fastest-growing application for industrial sonic horns worldwide, driven by:",{},[766,420,767,768,769],"municipal-solid-waste","grate-fired-boiler-mass-burn-incinerator","chloride-induced-corrosion","sonic-horn",{"title":771,"description":772},"Waste-to-energy (WtE \u002F EfW) — fastest-growing sonic-horn market","WtE plants burn municipal solid waste, RDF, SRF and biomass to generate steam and electricity. Sticky chloride-rich ash defeats conventional cleaning; sonic horns are the dominant fit.",[774,777],{"title":775,"url":776},"Wikipedia — Waste-to-energy","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWaste-to-energy",{"title":778,"url":779},"ESWET — UK tightens criteria for new waste-to-energy plants","https:\u002F\u002Feswet.eu\u002Fuk-government-tightens-criteria-for-new-waste-to-energy-plants\u002F","glossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","n1jacm4CfEzWzKgFtb3zWUtawVRCvFMnoypq0mxk6h8",1782613728840]