[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":638},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:plate-type-esp-tube-type-esp":45,"glossary-related:plate-type-esp-tube-type-esp":180},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":51,"category":159,"description":160,"extension":161,"meta":162,"navigation":163,"path":164,"relatedTerms":165,"seo":170,"sources":173,"stem":177,"term":178,"__hash__":179},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fplate-type-esp-tube-type-esp.md","Plate-type ESP \u002F tube-type ESP",[49,50],"plate type ESP","tube type ESP",{"type":52,"value":53,"toc":151},"minimark",[54,72,77,99,103,111,115,123,127],[55,56,57,61,62,65,66,71],"p",{},[58,59,60],"strong",{},"Plate-type"," and ",[58,63,64],{},"tube-type"," describe the two principal collecting-electrode geometries of an ",[67,68,70],"a",{"href":69},"\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","electrostatic precipitator",".",[73,74,76],"h2",{"id":75},"plate-type-esps","Plate-type ESPs",[55,78,79,80,84,85,89,90,94,95,71],{},"Plate-type ESPs have vertical parallel ",[67,81,83],{"href":82},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcollecting-electrode","collecting plates"," spaced 250–400 mm apart, with ",[67,86,88],{"href":87},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdischarge-electrode","discharge electrodes"," hanging in the gas-flow lanes between them. They dominate dry ESP installations on coal-fired boilers, cement kilns, ",[67,91,93],{"href":92},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","WtE",", biomass and sinter plants. Gas flows horizontally; cleaning is by rapping or ",[67,96,98],{"href":97},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","sonic horns",[73,100,102],{"id":101},"tube-type-esps","Tube-type ESPs",[55,104,105,106,110],{},"Tube-type ESPs use vertical cylindrical collecting tubes with a single discharge electrode along the axis of each tube. Gas flows vertically. The geometry is preferred for ",[67,107,109],{"href":108},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwet-esp","wet ESPs (WESPs)",", acid-mist scrubbing and small specialised duties.",[73,112,114],{"id":113},"cleaning-differences","Cleaning differences",[55,116,117,118,122],{},"Plate-type fields benefit from ",[67,119,121],{"href":120},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","low-frequency sonic horns"," projecting along the gas-flow direction to dislodge dust across multiple plate rows. Tube-type fields use water in WESP service; their dry equivalent is uncommon outside specialised metallurgical and chemical applications.",[73,124,126],{"id":125},"related-terms","Related terms",[128,129,130,136,141,146],"ul",{},[131,132,133],"li",{},[67,134,135],{"href":69},"Electrostatic precipitator",[131,137,138],{},[67,139,140],{"href":108},"Wet ESP (WESP)",[131,142,143],{},[67,144,145],{"href":82},"Collecting electrode",[131,147,148],{},[67,149,150],{"href":87},"Discharge electrode",{"title":152,"searchDepth":153,"depth":153,"links":154},"",2,[155,156,157,158],{"id":75,"depth":153,"text":76},{"id":101,"depth":153,"text":102},{"id":113,"depth":153,"text":114},{"id":125,"depth":153,"text":126},"esp","Plate-type and tube-type describe the two principal collecting-electrode geometries of an electrostatic precipitator.","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Fplate-type-esp-tube-type-esp",[166,167,168,169],"electrostatic-precipitator","wet-esp","collecting-electrode","discharge-electrode",{"title":171,"description":172},"Plate-type vs tube-type ESPs — geometry and typical applications","Plate-type ESPs use vertical parallel collecting plates with discharge wires between rows. Tube-type ESPs use cylindrical collectors with a coaxial discharge electrode, common in WESPs.",[174],{"title":175,"url":176},"Wikipedia — Electrostatic precipitator","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FElectrostatic_precipitator","glossary\u002Fplate-type-esp-tube-type-esp","Plate-type and tube-type ESPs","aMtH8QjbAHVkfQqemXvWKKIn7b-_cYhl_GePU1hyoAs",[181,353,437,540],{"id":182,"title":183,"aliases":184,"body":188,"category":159,"description":333,"extension":161,"meta":334,"navigation":163,"path":69,"relatedTerms":335,"seo":340,"sources":343,"stem":351,"term":135,"__hash__":352},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator.md","Electrostatic precipitator (ESP)",[185,186,187],"ESP","electrostatic precipitators","dry ESP",{"type":52,"value":189,"toc":327},[190,205,209,224,228,264,268,300,302],[55,191,192,193,196,197,200,201,204],{},"An ",[58,194,195],{},"electrostatic precipitator (ESP)"," is an air-pollution-control device that removes particulate matter from a flue-gas stream by electrostatically charging dust particles and collecting them on grounded plate electrodes. ESPs are the dominant particulate-control technology on coal-fired boilers, cement kilns, ",[67,198,199],{"href":92},"waste-to-energy"," plants, ",[67,202,203],{"href":92},"biomass"," plants, sinter strands and many other heavy-industry off-gas streams.",[73,206,208],{"id":207},"how-an-esp-works","How an ESP works",[55,210,211,212,215,216,218,219,223],{},"Flue gas flows horizontally between a parallel array of vertical ",[67,213,214],{"href":82},"collecting electrodes"," (plates) and ",[67,217,88],{"href":87}," (high-voltage wires or rigid spikes). A negative DC potential of 40–80 kV applied to the discharge electrodes generates a ",[67,220,222],{"href":221},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcorona-discharge","corona discharge"," that ionises the gas. Charged dust particles drift to the collecting plates, accumulate as a dust layer, are rapped down into hoppers below and removed by ash-handling equipment.",[73,225,227],{"id":226},"where-sonic-horns-fit","Where sonic horns fit",[55,229,230,231,235,236,239,240,244,245,249,250,254,255,259,260,71],{},"ESPs accumulate dust faster than mechanical rapping can release it, and hoppers below ESP fields routinely ",[67,232,234],{"href":233},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbridging","bridge"," and choke. ",[67,237,238],{"href":97},"Sonic horns"," installed on the ESP ",[67,241,243],{"href":242},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-penthouse","penthouse"," and on hopper walls keep dust dislodged, supplement ",[67,246,248],{"href":247},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-rapper","rappers",", prevent ",[67,251,253],{"href":252},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fback-corona","back-corona"," by limiting plate dust thickness, and eliminate hopper ",[67,256,258],{"href":257},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frat-holing","rat-holing"," without the structural fatigue of ",[67,261,263],{"href":262},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ftumbling-hammer-rapper","tumbling-hammer rappers",[73,265,267],{"id":266},"common-failure-modes","Common failure modes",[128,269,270,276,282,288,294],{},[131,271,272,275],{},[58,273,274],{},"High opacity \u002F particulate emissions"," from thick dust layers reducing collection efficiency",[131,277,278,281],{},[58,279,280],{},"Back-corona"," in high-resistivity ash that reverses ionisation and collapses collection",[131,283,284,287],{},[58,285,286],{},"Re-entrainment"," as rapper puffs return dust to the gas stream",[131,289,290,293],{},[58,291,292],{},"Hopper bridging"," that stops ash extraction and triggers field shutdowns",[131,295,296,299],{},[58,297,298],{},"Discharge-electrode breakage"," from rapper fatigue or sparking",[73,301,126],{"id":125},[128,303,304,308,312,316,322],{},[131,305,306],{},[67,307,145],{"href":82},[131,309,310],{},[67,311,150],{"href":87},[131,313,314],{},[67,315,280],{"href":252},[131,317,318],{},[67,319,321],{"href":320},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-hopper","ESP hopper",[131,323,324],{},[67,325,326],{"href":97},"Sonic horn",{"title":152,"searchDepth":153,"depth":153,"links":328},[329,330,331,332],{"id":207,"depth":153,"text":208},{"id":226,"depth":153,"text":227},{"id":266,"depth":153,"text":267},{"id":125,"depth":153,"text":126},"An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is an air-pollution-control device that removes particulate matter from a flue-gas stream by electrostatically charging dust particles and collecting them on grounded plate electrodes. ESPs are the dominant particulate-control technology on coal-fired boilers, cement kilns, waste-to-energy plants, biomass plants, sinter strands and many other heavy-industry off-gas streams.",{},[167,168,169,336,337,338,253,339],"corona-discharge","esp-hopper","esp-rapper","sonic-horn",{"title":341,"description":342},"Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) — how it works and how it fouls","An ESP removes particulate from flue gas by charging dust and collecting it on plate electrodes. Sonic horns are widely used to dislodge ash from plates and to keep hoppers from bridging.",[344,345,348],{"title":175,"url":176},{"title":346,"url":347},"EPA — Monitoring Knowledge Base: Electrostatic Precipitators","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epa.gov\u002Fair-emissions-monitoring-knowledge-base\u002Fmonitoring-control-technique-electrostatic-precipitators",{"title":349,"url":350},"Babcock & Wilcox — Basics of ESP Operation","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.babcock.com\u002Fhome\u002Fabout\u002Fresources\u002Flearning-center\u002Fbasic-esp-operation","glossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","hT_C4hmid3iZaYWhLpiSJ2tBfL0bSJ-uhzn7TY4Vtj4",{"id":354,"title":140,"aliases":355,"body":359,"category":159,"description":425,"extension":161,"meta":426,"navigation":163,"path":108,"relatedTerms":427,"seo":429,"sources":432,"stem":434,"term":435,"__hash__":436},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fwet-esp.md",[356,357,358],"WESP","wet electrostatic precipitator","wet ESPs",{"type":52,"value":360,"toc":420},[361,378,382,385,389,399,401],[55,362,363,364,367,368,370,371,374,375,377],{},"A ",[58,365,366],{},"wet electrostatic precipitator (WESP)"," is an ",[67,369,185],{"href":69}," in which the collecting surfaces are continuously washed with water rather than rapped dry. WESPs are specified where the particulate is sub-micron, sticky, hygroscopic or acidic — typically downstream of ",[67,372,373],{"href":69},"FGD scrubbers",", on ",[67,376,203],{"href":92}," and waste-to-energy plants, in coke-oven flue paths and on certain refinery and metals off-gas streams.",[73,379,381],{"id":380},"tube-type-vs-plate-type-wesps","Tube-type vs plate-type WESPs",[55,383,384],{},"Most WESPs are tube-type, with vertical cylindrical collectors and a coaxial discharge electrode in each tube. Plate-type WESPs also exist for retrofit duty into existing dry-ESP shells. Water sluicing is either continuous, intermittent flushing, or condensate-driven.",[73,386,388],{"id":387},"where-sonic-horns-help","Where sonic horns help",[55,390,391,392,395,396,398],{},"The wash-water film usually keeps the collecting surfaces clean, but solids accumulate in the ",[58,393,394],{},"sumps and dust-handling hoppers below the WESP",". ",[67,397,238],{"href":97}," prevent sludge bridging and pluggage in these low-level hoppers and pipework, where conventional rapping is impractical and manual cleaning is hazardous.",[73,400,126],{"id":125},[128,402,403,407,411,416],{},[131,404,405],{},[67,406,135],{"href":69},[131,408,409],{},[67,410,47],{"href":164},[131,412,413],{},[67,414,415],{"href":221},"Corona discharge",[131,417,418],{},[67,419,326],{"href":97},{"title":152,"searchDepth":153,"depth":153,"links":421},[422,423,424],{"id":380,"depth":153,"text":381},{"id":387,"depth":153,"text":388},{"id":125,"depth":153,"text":126},"A wet electrostatic precipitator (WESP) is an ESP in which the collecting surfaces are continuously washed with water rather than rapped dry. WESPs are specified where the particulate is sub-micron, sticky, hygroscopic or acidic — typically downstream of FGD scrubbers, on biomass and waste-to-energy plants, in coke-oven flue paths and on certain refinery and metals off-gas streams.",{},[166,428,336,339],"plate-type-esp-tube-type-esp",{"title":430,"description":431},"Wet ESP (WESP) — definition, applications and cleaning issues","A wet electrostatic precipitator continuously washes its collecting surfaces with water, used for sub-micron particulate, acid mist and sticky aerosols downstream of FGD or biomass scrubbers.",[433],{"title":175,"url":176},"glossary\u002Fwet-esp","Wet electrostatic precipitator","y9WXPV9UgI-euyX7Gvtpd4HQjiXQ-8yMrDGvpZkJcgM",{"id":438,"title":145,"aliases":439,"body":443,"category":159,"description":530,"extension":161,"meta":531,"navigation":163,"path":82,"relatedTerms":532,"seo":533,"sources":536,"stem":538,"term":145,"__hash__":539},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fcollecting-electrode.md",[440,441,442],"collecting plate","collection plate","ESP plate",{"type":52,"value":444,"toc":524},[445,455,459,480,484,492,496,499,501],[55,446,447,448,451,452,454],{},"The ",[58,449,450],{},"collecting electrode"," — usually called the \"collecting plate\" in plate-type ESPs — is the grounded surface on which charged particulate accumulates inside an ",[67,453,70],{"href":69},". Collecting plates are typically 9–15 m tall, rolled or profiled steel sections with stiffening pockets, hung in parallel rows 250–400 mm apart.",[73,456,458],{"id":457},"how-dust-accumulates-and-releases","How dust accumulates and releases",[55,460,461,462,465,466,468,469,472,473,475,476,479],{},"Charged particles migrate from the ",[67,463,464],{"href":87},"discharge electrode"," towards the grounded plate, transfer their charge and adhere as a dust layer. The layer must be released regularly: too thick and it raises plate-face voltage, reducing the field, eventually triggering ",[67,467,253],{"href":252},". Release is achieved by ",[67,470,471],{"href":247},"rapping"," (mechanical impact) or ",[67,474,98],{"href":97}," (acoustic vibration), with the released dust sheet falling into the ",[67,477,478],{"href":320},"hopper"," below.",[73,481,483],{"id":482},"the-re-entrainment-problem","The re-entrainment problem",[55,485,486,487,491],{},"Aggressive rapping releases dust faster than the hopper can swallow it, and some of the falling sheet is caught back up by the gas stream — this is ",[67,488,490],{"href":489},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fre-entrainment","re-entrainment",", and it shows up as periodic opacity spikes on stack CEMS traces. Sonic horns produce gentler, more continuous release that reduces re-entrainment compared to mechanical rapping alone.",[73,493,495],{"id":494},"profile-types","Profile types",[55,497,498],{},"Collecting plates come in many profiled forms (CW, ZT, ECO, Opzel, baffle, etc.), each chosen to balance electrical performance against dust-release behaviour. Specialist ESP vendors (B&W, FLSmidth, Hamon, Mitsubishi) supply matched plate-and-rapping packages.",[73,500,126],{"id":125},[128,502,503,507,511,516,520],{},[131,504,505],{},[67,506,135],{"href":69},[131,508,509],{},[67,510,150],{"href":87},[131,512,513],{},[67,514,515],{"href":247},"ESP rapper",[131,517,518],{},[67,519,326],{"href":97},[131,521,522],{},[67,523,286],{"href":489},{"title":152,"searchDepth":153,"depth":153,"links":525},[526,527,528,529],{"id":457,"depth":153,"text":458},{"id":482,"depth":153,"text":483},{"id":494,"depth":153,"text":495},{"id":125,"depth":153,"text":126},"The collecting electrode — usually called the \"collecting plate\" in plate-type ESPs — is the grounded surface on which charged particulate accumulates inside an electrostatic precipitator. Collecting plates are typically 9–15 m tall, rolled or profiled steel sections with stiffening pockets, hung in parallel rows 250–400 mm apart.",{},[166,169,338,339,490],{"title":534,"description":535},"Collecting electrode (ESP plate) — function, fouling and cleaning","The collecting electrode is the grounded plate or tube on which charged particulate accumulates inside an ESP. Dust must be released to hoppers without re-entraining into the gas stream.",[537],{"title":349,"url":350},"glossary\u002Fcollecting-electrode","9E4jLiOYVWf0Kj-hlJN58FMZ0Nz2mF0Iv1OuBtFwtqM",{"id":541,"title":150,"aliases":542,"body":547,"category":159,"description":628,"extension":161,"meta":629,"navigation":163,"path":87,"relatedTerms":630,"seo":631,"sources":634,"stem":636,"term":150,"__hash__":637},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fdischarge-electrode.md",[543,544,545,546],"emitting electrode","corona electrode","discharge wire","rigid discharge electrode",{"type":52,"value":548,"toc":623},[549,565,569,572,589,593,599,601],[55,550,447,551,553,554,556,557,559,560,562,563,71],{},[58,552,464],{}," (also called the ",[58,555,543],{},") is the high-voltage element inside an ",[67,558,70],{"href":69}," that generates the ",[67,561,222],{"href":221},". It is energised at 40–80 kV DC negative relative to the grounded ",[67,564,214],{"href":82},[73,566,568],{"id":567},"geometry","Geometry",[55,570,571],{},"Two families dominate:",[128,573,574,583],{},[131,575,576,579,580,582],{},[58,577,578],{},"Wire electrodes"," — fine spiral or barbed wires, typically weighted at the bottom and suspended from a top frame. Lightweight; easy to retrofit; prone to fatigue and breakage under ",[67,581,471],{"href":247}," impacts.",[131,584,585,588],{},[58,586,587],{},"Rigid discharge electrodes (RDE)"," — pipe or mast sections with formed spikes or points. Used in modern American-style and rigid-frame ESPs. More robust against rapper breakage but heavier.",[73,590,592],{"id":591},"fouling-on-discharge-electrodes","Fouling on discharge electrodes",[55,594,595,596,598],{},"Just like the collecting plates, discharge electrodes accumulate dust. A thick coating on a wire or RDE reduces the local field gradient, suppresses corona, and lowers collection efficiency. The cleaning challenge is geometrically harder than for plates — discharge electrodes are point or line sources surrounded by gas. ",[67,597,238],{"href":97}," addressing the whole field volume help dislodge dust from discharge electrodes as well as from plates.",[73,600,126],{"id":125},[128,602,603,607,611,615,619],{},[131,604,605],{},[67,606,135],{"href":69},[131,608,609],{},[67,610,145],{"href":82},[131,612,613],{},[67,614,415],{"href":221},[131,616,617],{},[67,618,280],{"href":252},[131,620,621],{},[67,622,326],{"href":97},{"title":152,"searchDepth":153,"depth":153,"links":624},[625,626,627],{"id":567,"depth":153,"text":568},{"id":591,"depth":153,"text":592},{"id":125,"depth":153,"text":126},"The discharge electrode (also called the emitting electrode) is the high-voltage element inside an electrostatic precipitator that generates the corona discharge. It is energised at 40–80 kV DC negative relative to the grounded collecting electrodes.",{},[166,168,336,253,339],{"title":632,"description":633},"Discharge electrode — the high-voltage emitter inside an ESP","The discharge electrode is the high-voltage electrode that generates the corona discharge inside an ESP. Charged dust drifts from it to the collecting plates.",[635],{"title":175,"url":176},"glossary\u002Fdischarge-electrode","E8VJGt3XxJD7K99lsPd9v-FQlmpjndXP4FYfB-pqPJk",1782613736259]