[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1271},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:pc-boiler":45,"glossary-related:pc-boiler":224},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":52,"category":202,"description":203,"extension":204,"meta":205,"navigation":206,"path":207,"relatedTerms":208,"seo":214,"sources":217,"stem":221,"term":222,"__hash__":223},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fpc-boiler.md","PC boiler (pulverised coal)",[49,50,51],"PC boiler","pulverised coal boiler","pulverized coal boiler",{"type":53,"value":54,"toc":195},"minimark",[55,64,69,107,111,145,157,161],[56,57,58,59,63],"p",{},"A ",[60,61,62],"strong",{},"pulverised-coal (PC) boiler"," grinds coal to a fine powder in pulverising mills and injects it through burners into a furnace, where it burns in suspension at 1,400–1,700 °C. PC boilers are the dominant utility-scale boiler design worldwide and remain the workhorse of legacy coal-fired generation in Asia, India, Africa, Eastern Europe and parts of the Americas.",[65,66,68],"h2",{"id":67},"layout","Layout",[56,70,71,72,77,78,82,83,82,87,91,92,96,97,101,102,106],{},"A typical PC boiler has tangential, wall-fired or down-fired burner arrangements with ",[73,74,76],"a",{"href":75},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaterwall","waterwalls"," absorbing radiant heat from the furnace; gas then passes over ",[73,79,81],{"href":80},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater","superheaters",", ",[73,84,86],{"href":85},"\u002Fglossary\u002Freheater","reheaters",[73,88,90],{"href":89},"\u002Fglossary\u002Feconomiser","economisers"," and finally ",[73,93,95],{"href":94},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fair-heater","air heaters"," before reaching the ",[73,98,100],{"href":99},"\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","ESP"," or ",[73,103,105],{"href":104},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbaghouse","baghouse",".",[65,108,110],{"id":109},"fouling-pattern","Fouling pattern",[112,113,114,121,127,133,139],"ul",{},[115,116,117,120],"li",{},[60,118,119],{},"Slag"," on waterwalls and finishing superheaters",[115,122,123,126],{},[60,124,125],{},"Bonded ash"," on convective superheater and reheater tube banks",[115,128,129,132],{},[60,130,131],{},"Bridging deposits"," in the economiser hopper",[115,134,135,138],{},[60,136,137],{},"Ammonium-bisulphate fouling"," on the air-heater cold end (if SCR is installed upstream)",[115,140,141,144],{},[60,142,143],{},"Hopper bridging"," on the ESP and baghouse",[56,146,147,151,152,156],{},[73,148,150],{"href":149},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","Sonic horns"," installed across the convective pass attack the second through fourth of these continuously, complementing steam ",[73,153,155],{"href":154},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsteam-sootblower","sootblowers"," on the slag-bonded superheater.",[65,158,160],{"id":159},"related-terms","Related terms",[112,162,163,169,175,180,185,190],{},[115,164,165],{},[73,166,168],{"href":167},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fboiler","Boiler",[115,170,171],{},[73,172,174],{"href":173},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcfb-boiler","CFB boiler",[115,176,177],{},[73,178,179],{"href":75},"Waterwall",[115,181,182],{},[73,183,184],{"href":80},"Superheater",[115,186,187],{},[73,188,189],{"href":99},"Electrostatic precipitator",[115,191,192],{},[73,193,194],{"href":149},"Sonic horn",{"title":196,"searchDepth":197,"depth":197,"links":198},"",2,[199,200,201],{"id":67,"depth":197,"text":68},{"id":109,"depth":197,"text":110},{"id":159,"depth":197,"text":160},"boiler","A pulverised-coal (PC) boiler grinds coal to a fine powder in pulverising mills and injects it through burners into a furnace, where it burns in suspension at 1,400–1,700 °C. PC boilers are the dominant utility-scale boiler design worldwide and remain the workhorse of legacy coal-fired generation in Asia, India, Africa, Eastern Europe and parts of the Americas.","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpc-boiler",[202,209,210,211,212,213],"cfb-boiler","waterwall","superheater","electrostatic-precipitator","sonic-horn",{"title":215,"description":216},"PC boiler (pulverised-coal boiler) — dominant utility boiler design","A pulverised-coal boiler grinds coal to fine powder and injects it through burners into a furnace. The dominant utility-scale boiler design worldwide.",[218],{"title":219,"url":220},"Wikipedia — Pulverized coal-fired boiler","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPulverized_coal-fired_boiler","glossary\u002Fpc-boiler","Pulverised-coal boiler","p2M6biFa8FTNXOXeBnJrp1fX4NRZatIs40fAFiu0Wdo",[225,458,592,726,869,1046],{"id":226,"title":168,"aliases":227,"body":231,"category":202,"description":439,"extension":204,"meta":440,"navigation":206,"path":167,"relatedTerms":441,"seo":446,"sources":449,"stem":456,"term":168,"__hash__":457},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fboiler.md",[228,229,230],"industrial boiler","utility boiler","steam generator",{"type":53,"value":232,"toc":434},[233,258,262,376,380,405,407],[56,234,58,235,237,238,82,242,245,246,250,251,245,255,106],{},[60,236,202],{}," is a closed vessel in which fuel chemical energy is converted to steam by transferring heat into water flowing through tube banks. Industrial and utility boilers serve electricity generation, district heating, process steam, ",[73,239,241],{"href":240},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","WtE",[73,243,244],{"href":240},"biomass"," and ",[73,247,249],{"href":248},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frecovery-boiler","pulp-and-paper"," operations. All of them foul; the only variables are ",[252,253,254],"em",{},"how much",[252,256,257],{},"with what",[65,259,261],{"id":260},"boiler-families","Boiler families",[263,264,265,281],"table",{},[266,267,268],"thead",{},[269,270,271,275,278],"tr",{},[272,273,274],"th",{},"Type",[272,276,277],{},"Fuel",[272,279,280],{},"Notes",[282,283,284,297,309,323,336,350,361],"tbody",{},[269,285,286,291,294],{},[287,288,289],"td",{},[73,290,49],{"href":207},[287,292,293],{},"Pulverised coal",[287,295,296],{},"Dominant utility design",[269,298,299,303,306],{},[287,300,301],{},[73,302,174],{"href":173},[287,304,305],{},"Coal, biomass, RDF, lignite",[287,307,308],{},"Tolerates wider fuel range; lower NOx",[269,310,311,317,320],{},[287,312,313],{},[73,314,316],{"href":315},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbfb-boiler","BFB boiler",[287,318,319],{},"Biomass, sludge, low-grade fuels",[287,321,322],{},"Bubbling fluidised bed",[269,324,325,330,333],{},[287,326,327],{},[73,328,329],{"href":248},"Recovery boiler",[287,331,332],{},"Black liquor (kraft pulp mills)",[287,334,335],{},"Combines chemicals recovery with steam",[269,337,338,344,347],{},[287,339,340],{},[73,341,343],{"href":342},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhog-fuel-boiler-bark-boiler","Hog-fuel boiler",[287,345,346],{},"Wood waste, bark",[287,348,349],{},"Common at pulp mills as side boilers",[269,351,352,355,358],{},[287,353,354],{},"Gas \u002F oil boiler",[287,356,357],{},"Natural gas, fuel oil",[287,359,360],{},"Lower particulate, less fouling",[269,362,363,366,369],{},[287,364,365],{},"HRSG",[287,367,368],{},"Gas-turbine exhaust",[287,370,371,372],{},"See ",[73,373,375],{"href":374},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fheat-recovery-steam-generator","heat-recovery steam generator",[65,377,379],{"id":378},"where-sonic-horns-sit","Where sonic horns sit",[56,381,382,384,385,82,388,82,390,245,393,396,397,399,400,404],{},[73,383,150],{"href":149}," installed across the convective pass — between ",[73,386,387],{"href":89},"economiser",[73,389,81],{"href":80},[73,391,392],{"href":85},"reheater",[73,394,395],{"href":94},"air heater"," — dislodge ash and soot continuously, supplementing or partially replacing steam ",[73,398,155],{"href":154},". The benefit shows up as ",[73,401,403],{"href":402},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fheat-rate","heat rate"," recovery, deferred outages and longer intervals between water washes.",[65,406,160],{"id":159},[112,408,409,413,417,421,425,430],{},[115,410,411],{},[73,412,49],{"href":207},[115,414,415],{},[73,416,174],{"href":173},[115,418,419],{},[73,420,329],{"href":248},[115,422,423],{},[73,424,179],{"href":75},[115,426,427],{},[73,428,429],{"href":89},"Economiser",[115,431,432],{},[73,433,194],{"href":149},{"title":196,"searchDepth":197,"depth":197,"links":435},[436,437,438],{"id":260,"depth":197,"text":261},{"id":378,"depth":197,"text":379},{"id":159,"depth":197,"text":160},"A boiler is a closed vessel in which fuel chemical energy is converted to steam by transferring heat into water flowing through tube banks. Industrial and utility boilers serve electricity generation, district heating, process steam, WtE, biomass and pulp-and-paper operations. All of them foul; the only variables are how much and with what.",{},[442,209,443,444,210,387,211,445,213],"pc-boiler","bfb-boiler","recovery-boiler","air-heater",{"title":447,"description":448},"Boiler — industrial steam generator types and acoustic-cleaning needs","A boiler is a vessel that converts fuel chemical energy into steam by heating water. Coal-fired, biomass, oil, gas and recovery boilers all foul; sonic horns clean heat-transfer surfaces.",[450,453],{"title":451,"url":452},"Wikipedia — Boiler","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBoiler",{"title":454,"url":455},"Babcock & Wilcox — Sootblower and Boiler Cleaning Terminology","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.babcock.com\u002Fhome\u002Fabout\u002Fresources\u002Flearning-center\u002Fsootblower-and-boiler-cleaning-terminology-principles-and-applications","glossary\u002Fboiler","pamAnZGo_UeIedDHhYrfv0nP3GCXkNTGi0a197n4b5Q",{"id":459,"title":460,"aliases":461,"body":464,"category":202,"description":578,"extension":204,"meta":579,"navigation":206,"path":173,"relatedTerms":580,"seo":582,"sources":585,"stem":589,"term":590,"__hash__":591},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fcfb-boiler.md","CFB boiler (circulating fluidised bed)",[174,462,463],"circulating fluidised bed boiler","circulating fluidized bed",{"type":53,"value":465,"toc":573},[466,480,484,487,511,514,516,543,548,550],[56,467,58,468,471,472,476,477,479],{},[60,469,470],{},"circulating fluidised-bed (CFB) boiler"," burns fuel in a turbulent bed of sand, ash and limestone, circulated by an upward-flowing combustion-air stream and recirculated through external ",[73,473,475],{"href":474},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcyclone-separator","cyclone separators",". Combustion temperature (~850 °C) is much lower than in a ",[73,478,49],{"href":207},", giving naturally lower NOx and the capability to capture SO₂ in the bed by limestone addition.",[65,481,483],{"id":482},"fuel-flexibility","Fuel flexibility",[56,485,486],{},"CFB boilers tolerate a far wider range of fuels than PC boilers:",[112,488,489,492,495,501,508],{},[115,490,491],{},"Coal (anthracite, bituminous, sub-bituminous, lignite)",[115,493,494],{},"Petroleum coke",[115,496,497,500],{},[73,498,499],{"href":240},"Biomass"," (wood, agricultural residues, bagasse)",[115,502,503,507],{},[73,504,506],{"href":505},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frdf-srf-tdf","RDF"," and waste fractions",[115,509,510],{},"Mixed and low-grade fuels",[56,512,513],{},"This fuel flexibility makes CFB the technology of choice for biomass conversions, waste-fired plants and lignite-rich regions.",[65,515,110],{"id":109},[112,517,518,524,537],{},[115,519,520,523],{},[60,521,522],{},"Cyclone fouling"," — recirculating bed material accumulates on cyclone walls and downcomers",[115,525,526,529,530,82,532,245,534,536],{},[60,527,528],{},"Backpass fouling"," — fine ash on ",[73,531,387],{"href":89},[73,533,211],{"href":80},[73,535,445],{"href":94}," tubes",[115,538,539,542],{},[60,540,541],{},"Refractory wear"," in high-velocity zones",[56,544,545,547],{},[73,546,150],{"href":149}," on the backpass surfaces and cyclone walls extend run length between maintenance outages.",[65,549,160],{"id":159},[112,551,552,556,560,564,569],{},[115,553,554],{},[73,555,168],{"href":167},[115,557,558],{},[73,559,316],{"href":315},[115,561,562],{},[73,563,49],{"href":207},[115,565,566],{},[73,567,568],{"href":474},"Cyclone separator",[115,570,571],{},[73,572,194],{"href":149},{"title":196,"searchDepth":197,"depth":197,"links":574},[575,576,577],{"id":482,"depth":197,"text":483},{"id":109,"depth":197,"text":110},{"id":159,"depth":197,"text":160},"A circulating fluidised-bed (CFB) boiler burns fuel in a turbulent bed of sand, ash and limestone, circulated by an upward-flowing combustion-air stream and recirculated through external cyclone separators. Combustion temperature (~850 °C) is much lower than in a PC boiler, giving naturally lower NOx and the capability to capture SO₂ in the bed by limestone addition.",{},[202,443,442,581,213],"cyclone-separator",{"title":583,"description":584},"CFB boiler — circulating fluidised-bed combustion for fuel flexibility","A CFB boiler burns fuel in a turbulent bed of sand, ash and limestone circulated by an upward-flowing gas stream. Tolerates coal, biomass, RDF and lignite; produces low NOx.",[586],{"title":587,"url":588},"Wikipedia — Fluidized bed combustion","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFluidized_bed_combustion","glossary\u002Fcfb-boiler","Circulating fluidised-bed boiler","QNumZQl2rNlvci0eemW6ii5Do8yT8iOZn-74mjhC-XY",{"id":593,"title":179,"aliases":594,"body":598,"category":202,"description":711,"extension":204,"meta":712,"navigation":206,"path":75,"relatedTerms":713,"seo":717,"sources":720,"stem":724,"term":179,"__hash__":725},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaterwall.md",[595,596,597],"water wall","membrane wall","furnace wall",{"type":53,"value":599,"toc":704},[600,611,615,618,622,630,634,639,665,669,676,678],[56,601,602,605,606,610],{},[60,603,604],{},"Waterwalls"," are panels of vertical evaporator tubes welded into a gas-tight membrane that line the ",[73,607,609],{"href":608},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffurnace","furnace"," walls of an industrial boiler. They absorb the radiant heat of the burning fuel and produce most of the boiler's steam.",[65,612,614],{"id":613},"construction","Construction",[56,616,617],{},"Adjacent tubes are connected by a thin steel fin running their full length, forming a continuous gas-tight pressure boundary. Tube diameters are typically 38–63 mm, on 50–80 mm pitches. Wall sections can be hung from headers above (suspension waterwalls) or supported from below (sit-on).",[65,619,621],{"id":620},"fouling-slag-not-ash","Fouling: slag, not ash",[56,623,624,625,629],{},"Furnace temperatures and radiant heat transfer mean that any ash that hits the waterwall is partly molten. Cooled rapidly against the tube wall, it solidifies as ",[73,626,628],{"href":627},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fslagging","slag",". Slag is hard, bonded, and grows in characteristic patterns: thicker near burner clusters, thinner in cold corners.",[65,631,633],{"id":632},"cleaning-waterwalls","Cleaning waterwalls",[56,635,636,638],{},[73,637,150],{"href":149}," are not effective on hard furnace slag — the deposit is too well-bonded for acoustic energy to dislodge. The standard cleaning tools are:",[112,640,641,650,656],{},[115,642,643,649],{},[60,644,645],{},[73,646,648],{"href":647},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwater-cannon","Water cannons"," — high-pressure water lances mounted on the waterwall, fired at specific tube sections",[115,651,652,655],{},[60,653,654],{},"Wall blowers"," — short retract sootblowers with multiple nozzles",[115,657,658,664],{},[60,659,660],{},[73,661,663],{"href":662},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fexplosive-deslagging","Explosive deslagging"," — periodic shock cleaning for severe build-up",[65,666,668],{"id":667},"tube-failures-on-waterwalls","Tube failures on waterwalls",[56,670,671,675],{},[73,672,674],{"href":673},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ftube-erosion-tube-wastage","Tube erosion"," and tube wastage on waterwalls are the leading cause of forced outages on coal-fired and biomass boilers. Mitigation is largely combustion-control rather than cleaning, but excessive aggressive cleaning (especially water cannons) contributes to thermal-fatigue cracking.",[65,677,160],{"id":159},[112,679,680,684,689,694,699],{},[115,681,682],{},[73,683,168],{"href":167},[115,685,686],{},[73,687,688],{"href":608},"Furnace",[115,690,691],{},[73,692,693],{"href":627},"Slagging",[115,695,696],{},[73,697,698],{"href":673},"Tube erosion \u002F tube wastage",[115,700,701],{},[73,702,703],{"href":647},"Water cannon",{"title":196,"searchDepth":197,"depth":197,"links":705},[706,707,708,709,710],{"id":613,"depth":197,"text":614},{"id":620,"depth":197,"text":621},{"id":632,"depth":197,"text":633},{"id":667,"depth":197,"text":668},{"id":159,"depth":197,"text":160},"Waterwalls are panels of vertical evaporator tubes welded into a gas-tight membrane that line the furnace walls of an industrial boiler. They absorb the radiant heat of the burning fuel and produce most of the boiler's steam.",{},[202,609,714,715,716],"slagging","tube-erosion-tube-wastage","water-cannon",{"title":718,"description":719},"Waterwall — tube panels lining the furnace of a boiler","Waterwalls are panels of vertical evaporator tubes welded into a gas-tight membrane that line the furnace. They absorb radiant heat and produce most of the boiler's steam.",[721],{"title":722,"url":723},"Wikipedia — Water-tube boiler","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWater-tube_boiler","glossary\u002Fwaterwall","rkJ624Wtxzhq9pJlFII6R5mMnwza1b97OTUWYv_7eng",{"id":727,"title":184,"aliases":728,"body":732,"category":202,"description":855,"extension":204,"meta":856,"navigation":206,"path":80,"relatedTerms":857,"seo":860,"sources":863,"stem":867,"term":184,"__hash__":868},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater.md",[81,729,730,731],"primary superheater","secondary superheater","finishing superheater",{"type":53,"value":733,"toc":850},[734,744,748,779,783,792,815,818,820],[56,735,58,736,738,739,743],{},[60,737,211],{}," is a tube bank in a boiler's ",[73,740,742],{"href":741},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fconvective-pass-backpass","convective pass"," that raises the steam temperature beyond its saturation point using residual heat from the flue gas. Most utility boilers have at least two superheater stages: a primary superheater (cooler gas) and a secondary or finishing superheater (closest to the furnace, hottest gas).",[65,745,747],{"id":746},"fouling","Fouling",[112,749,750,760,765],{},[115,751,752,756,757,759],{},[60,753,754],{},[73,755,693],{"href":627}," on the finishing superheater — semi-molten ash from the ",[73,758,609],{"href":608}," deposits on the hottest tubes",[115,761,762,764],{},[60,763,125],{}," on the primary superheater — drier deposits that sinter under sustained temperature",[115,766,767,770,771,82,773,245,775,778],{},[60,768,769],{},"Sodium \u002F potassium-rich deposits"," on ",[73,772,244],{"href":240},[73,774,241],{"href":240},[73,776,777],{"href":248},"recovery boilers"," — sticky, low-melting, aggressive",[65,780,782],{"id":781},"cleaning","Cleaning",[56,784,785,786,245,788,791],{},"Steam ",[73,787,155],{"href":154},[73,789,790],{"href":149},"sonic horns"," work together:",[112,793,794,797,805],{},[115,795,796],{},"Sootblowers attack hard slag on the finishing superheater",[115,798,799,800,804],{},"Sonic horns (",[73,801,803],{"href":802},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","60–125 Hz",") keep dry ash from consolidating on the primary superheater and convective superheater",[115,806,807,811,812,814],{},[73,808,810],{"href":809},"\u002Fglossary\u002Finfrasonic-cleaner","Infrasonic cleaners"," below 30 Hz are used on deep ",[73,813,444],{"href":248}," superheater cavities",[56,816,817],{},"The combination extends the interval between major water-washes and reduces steam-attemperation requirements that mask deteriorating heat transfer.",[65,819,160],{"id":159},[112,821,822,826,831,836,840,844],{},[115,823,824],{},[73,825,168],{"href":167},[115,827,828],{},[73,829,830],{"href":741},"Convective pass \u002F backpass",[115,832,833],{},[73,834,835],{"href":85},"Reheater",[115,837,838],{},[73,839,693],{"href":627},[115,841,842],{},[73,843,194],{"href":149},[115,845,846],{},[73,847,849],{"href":848},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-sootblower","Sonic sootblower",{"title":196,"searchDepth":197,"depth":197,"links":851},[852,853,854],{"id":746,"depth":197,"text":747},{"id":781,"depth":197,"text":782},{"id":159,"depth":197,"text":160},"A superheater is a tube bank in a boiler's convective pass that raises the steam temperature beyond its saturation point using residual heat from the flue gas. Most utility boilers have at least two superheater stages: a primary superheater (cooler gas) and a secondary or finishing superheater (closest to the furnace, hottest gas).",{},[202,858,392,714,213,859],"convective-pass-backpass","sonic-sootblower",{"title":861,"description":862},"Superheater — boiler tube bank that raises steam temperature beyond saturation","A superheater is a tube bank that raises steam temperature beyond the saturation point using flue-gas heat. Sticky alkali ash and slag deposits are the dominant fouling concerns.",[864],{"title":865,"url":866},"Wikipedia — Superheater","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSuperheater","glossary\u002Fsuperheater","hYVXyyVmlWCU3AXfAl0l3YAhHpWty_akkDsBJGC_NDs",{"id":870,"title":871,"aliases":872,"body":875,"category":1021,"description":1022,"extension":204,"meta":1023,"navigation":206,"path":99,"relatedTerms":1024,"seo":1031,"sources":1034,"stem":1044,"term":189,"__hash__":1045},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator.md","Electrostatic precipitator (ESP)",[100,873,874],"electrostatic precipitators","dry ESP",{"type":53,"value":876,"toc":1015},[877,891,895,913,917,952,956,987,989],[56,878,879,880,883,884,887,888,890],{},"An ",[60,881,882],{},"electrostatic precipitator (ESP)"," is an air-pollution-control device that removes particulate matter from a flue-gas stream by electrostatically charging dust particles and collecting them on grounded plate electrodes. ESPs are the dominant particulate-control technology on coal-fired boilers, cement kilns, ",[73,885,886],{"href":240},"waste-to-energy"," plants, ",[73,889,244],{"href":240}," plants, sinter strands and many other heavy-industry off-gas streams.",[65,892,894],{"id":893},"how-an-esp-works","How an ESP works",[56,896,897,898,902,903,907,908,912],{},"Flue gas flows horizontally between a parallel array of vertical ",[73,899,901],{"href":900},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcollecting-electrode","collecting electrodes"," (plates) and ",[73,904,906],{"href":905},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdischarge-electrode","discharge electrodes"," (high-voltage wires or rigid spikes). A negative DC potential of 40–80 kV applied to the discharge electrodes generates a ",[73,909,911],{"href":910},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcorona-discharge","corona discharge"," that ionises the gas. Charged dust particles drift to the collecting plates, accumulate as a dust layer, are rapped down into hoppers below and removed by ash-handling equipment.",[65,914,916],{"id":915},"where-sonic-horns-fit","Where sonic horns fit",[56,918,919,920,924,925,927,928,932,933,937,938,942,943,947,948,106],{},"ESPs accumulate dust faster than mechanical rapping can release it, and hoppers below ESP fields routinely ",[73,921,923],{"href":922},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbridging","bridge"," and choke. ",[73,926,150],{"href":149}," installed on the ESP ",[73,929,931],{"href":930},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-penthouse","penthouse"," and on hopper walls keep dust dislodged, supplement ",[73,934,936],{"href":935},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-rapper","rappers",", prevent ",[73,939,941],{"href":940},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fback-corona","back-corona"," by limiting plate dust thickness, and eliminate hopper ",[73,944,946],{"href":945},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frat-holing","rat-holing"," without the structural fatigue of ",[73,949,951],{"href":950},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ftumbling-hammer-rapper","tumbling-hammer rappers",[65,953,955],{"id":954},"common-failure-modes","Common failure modes",[112,957,958,964,970,976,981],{},[115,959,960,963],{},[60,961,962],{},"High opacity \u002F particulate emissions"," from thick dust layers reducing collection efficiency",[115,965,966,969],{},[60,967,968],{},"Back-corona"," in high-resistivity ash that reverses ionisation and collapses collection",[115,971,972,975],{},[60,973,974],{},"Re-entrainment"," as rapper puffs return dust to the gas stream",[115,977,978,980],{},[60,979,143],{}," that stops ash extraction and triggers field shutdowns",[115,982,983,986],{},[60,984,985],{},"Discharge-electrode breakage"," from rapper fatigue or sparking",[65,988,160],{"id":159},[112,990,991,996,1001,1005,1011],{},[115,992,993],{},[73,994,995],{"href":900},"Collecting electrode",[115,997,998],{},[73,999,1000],{"href":905},"Discharge electrode",[115,1002,1003],{},[73,1004,968],{"href":940},[115,1006,1007],{},[73,1008,1010],{"href":1009},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-hopper","ESP hopper",[115,1012,1013],{},[73,1014,194],{"href":149},{"title":196,"searchDepth":197,"depth":197,"links":1016},[1017,1018,1019,1020],{"id":893,"depth":197,"text":894},{"id":915,"depth":197,"text":916},{"id":954,"depth":197,"text":955},{"id":159,"depth":197,"text":160},"esp","An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is an air-pollution-control device that removes particulate matter from a flue-gas stream by electrostatically charging dust particles and collecting them on grounded plate electrodes. ESPs are the dominant particulate-control technology on coal-fired boilers, cement kilns, waste-to-energy plants, biomass plants, sinter strands and many other heavy-industry off-gas streams.",{},[1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1030,941,213],"wet-esp","collecting-electrode","discharge-electrode","corona-discharge","esp-hopper","esp-rapper",{"title":1032,"description":1033},"Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) — how it works and how it fouls","An ESP removes particulate from flue gas by charging dust and collecting it on plate electrodes. Sonic horns are widely used to dislodge ash from plates and to keep hoppers from bridging.",[1035,1038,1041],{"title":1036,"url":1037},"Wikipedia — Electrostatic precipitator","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FElectrostatic_precipitator",{"title":1039,"url":1040},"EPA — Monitoring Knowledge Base: Electrostatic Precipitators","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epa.gov\u002Fair-emissions-monitoring-knowledge-base\u002Fmonitoring-control-technique-electrostatic-precipitators",{"title":1042,"url":1043},"Babcock & Wilcox — Basics of ESP Operation","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.babcock.com\u002Fhome\u002Fabout\u002Fresources\u002Flearning-center\u002Fbasic-esp-operation","glossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","hT_C4hmid3iZaYWhLpiSJ2tBfL0bSJ-uhzn7TY4Vtj4",{"id":1047,"title":194,"aliases":1048,"body":1051,"category":1247,"description":1248,"extension":204,"meta":1249,"navigation":206,"path":149,"relatedTerms":1250,"seo":1256,"sources":1259,"stem":1269,"term":194,"__hash__":1270},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn.md",[790,1049,1050],"sonic cleaning horn","industrial sonic horn",{"type":53,"value":1052,"toc":1240},[1053,1082,1086,1094,1098,1160,1164,1199,1203,1210,1212],[56,1054,58,1055,1058,1059,1063,1064,82,1067,82,1071,82,1075,245,1078,106],{},[60,1056,1057],{},"sonic horn"," is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of ",[73,1060,1062],{"href":1061},"\u002Fglossary\u002Facoustic-cleaner","acoustic cleaner"," and the default specification for cleaning ",[73,1065,1066],{"href":99},"ESPs",[73,1068,1070],{"href":1069},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffabric-filter","baghouses",[73,1072,1074],{"href":1073},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fselective-catalytic-reduction","SCR catalysts",[73,1076,1077],{"href":80},"boiler heat-transfer surfaces",[73,1079,1081],{"href":1080},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhopper","hoppers and silos",[65,1083,1085],{"id":1084},"how-a-sonic-horn-works","How a sonic horn works",[56,1087,1088,1089,1093],{},"Compressed plant air admitted through a ",[73,1090,1092],{"href":1091},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsolenoid-valve","solenoid valve"," drives a metal diaphragm — typically titanium or 316 stainless — into resonant oscillation at the horn's fundamental frequency. The oscillating pressure field is amplified by an exponential bell horn and projected into the vessel as a near-spherical sound wave. Particulate already deposited on internal surfaces receives an oscillating acceleration that overcomes adhesion; loosened material is then carried out with the gas flow before it can sinter, bridge or bond. Because the cleaning is acoustic and non-contact, the horn can fire while the plant is online without tube erosion, refractory damage or thermal shock.",[65,1095,1097],{"id":1096},"key-parameters","Key parameters",[263,1099,1100,1110],{},[266,1101,1102],{},[269,1103,1104,1107],{},[272,1105,1106],{},"Parameter",[272,1108,1109],{},"Typical range",[282,1111,1112,1120,1128,1136,1144,1152],{},[269,1113,1114,1117],{},[287,1115,1116],{},"Fundamental frequency",[287,1118,1119],{},"60–400 Hz",[269,1121,1122,1125],{},[287,1123,1124],{},"Sound pressure level",[287,1126,1127],{},"140–180 dB",[269,1129,1130,1133],{},[287,1131,1132],{},"Compressed-air consumption",[287,1134,1135],{},"8–14 Nm³\u002Fmin at 4–7 bar",[269,1137,1138,1141],{},[287,1139,1140],{},"Operating temperature (with appropriate materials)",[287,1142,1143],{},"−40 °C to +500 °C",[269,1145,1146,1149],{},[287,1147,1148],{},"Firing cycle",[287,1150,1151],{},"5–15 s burst, repeated every 3–15 minutes",[269,1153,1154,1157],{},[287,1155,1156],{},"Mass",[287,1158,1159],{},"15–60 kg depending on horn size",[65,1161,1163],{"id":1162},"frequency-selection","Frequency selection",[56,1165,1166,1167,82,1171,1174,1175,82,1179,1183,1184,82,1187,1191,1192,245,1195,106],{},"Lower frequencies (60–125 Hz) project longer wavelengths and penetrate further into large open vessels — ",[73,1168,1170],{"href":1169},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpreheater-cyclone","preheater cyclones",[73,1172,1173],{"href":248},"recovery-boiler superheaters",", large ",[73,1176,1178],{"href":1177},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-field-bus-section","ESP fields",[73,1180,1182],{"href":1181},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsilo","silos",". Higher frequencies (230–400 Hz) carry more energy per unit volume and suit finer dust loads in ",[73,1185,1186],{"href":1069},"fabric-filter compartments",[73,1188,1190],{"href":1189},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhoneycomb-catalyst","catalyst layers"," and smaller hopper geometries. See ",[73,1193,1194],{"href":802},"low-frequency acoustic cleaner",[73,1196,1198],{"href":1197},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhigh-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","high-frequency acoustic cleaner",[65,1200,1202],{"id":1201},"sonic-horn-vs-steam-sootblower","Sonic horn vs steam sootblower",[56,1204,1205,1206,1209],{},"Sonic horns are increasingly specified alongside or in place of ",[73,1207,1208],{"href":154},"steam sootblowers"," because they consume no boiler-grade steam, cause no tube erosion, require almost no moving parts and can fire every few minutes without operator intervention. They are less effective on hard, fused slag than retractable steam lances, so on furnace waterwalls and high-temperature superheaters they typically complement rather than replace mechanical cleaning.",[65,1211,160],{"id":159},[112,1213,1214,1219,1223,1229,1235],{},[115,1215,1216],{},[73,1217,1218],{"href":1061},"Acoustic cleaner",[115,1220,1221],{},[73,1222,849],{"href":848},[115,1224,1225],{},[73,1226,1228],{"href":1227},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbell-horn","Bell horn",[115,1230,1231],{},[73,1232,1234],{"href":1233},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdiaphragm-horn","Diaphragm horn",[115,1236,1237],{},[73,1238,1239],{"href":802},"Low-frequency acoustic cleaner",{"title":196,"searchDepth":197,"depth":197,"links":1241},[1242,1243,1244,1245,1246],{"id":1084,"depth":197,"text":1085},{"id":1096,"depth":197,"text":1097},{"id":1162,"depth":197,"text":1163},{"id":1201,"depth":197,"text":1202},{"id":159,"depth":197,"text":160},"core-technology","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of acoustic cleaner and the default specification for cleaning ESPs, baghouses, SCR catalysts, boiler heat-transfer surfaces and hoppers and silos.",{},[1251,1252,859,1253,1254,1255],"acoustic-cleaner","acoustic-cleaning-system","bell-horn","diaphragm-horn","low-frequency-acoustic-cleaner",{"title":1257,"description":1258},"Sonic horn — definition, frequency, SPL and industrial applications","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven low-frequency sound emitter (typically 60–400 Hz at 140–180 dB SPL) used to dislodge particulate fouling from boilers, ESPs, baghouses and process vessels.",[1260,1263,1266],{"title":1261,"url":1262},"Power Engineering — Sonic Horns: A User's Introduction","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Fsonic-horns-a-userrsquos-introduction\u002F",{"title":1264,"url":1265},"Power Engineering — Tuning in to Acoustic Cleaning","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Ftuning-in-to-acoustic-cleaning\u002F",{"title":1267,"url":1268},"Wikipedia — Sonic soot blowers","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSonic_soot_blowers","glossary\u002Fsonic-horn","YzrhN0kKzqSaQo0wfn0rueNZ-V43mcg5zahqeWi3lnU",1782613726715]