[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":844},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:municipal-solid-waste":45,"glossary-related:municipal-solid-waste":233},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":52,"category":213,"description":214,"extension":215,"meta":216,"navigation":217,"path":218,"relatedTerms":219,"seo":223,"sources":226,"stem":230,"term":231,"__hash__":232},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fmunicipal-solid-waste.md","Municipal solid waste (MSW)",[49,50,51],"MSW","household waste","residual waste",{"type":53,"value":54,"toc":206},"minimark",[55,68,73,156,159,163,176,180],[56,57,58,61,62,67],"p",{},[59,60,47],"strong",{}," is mixed household and commercial waste — the primary fuel for mass-burn ",[63,64,66],"a",{"href":65},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","waste-to-energy"," plants. Composition varies daily and seasonally with the source catchment area, weather, recycling rates and economic activity, and that variability translates directly into variable fouling behaviour in the boiler.",[69,70,72],"h2",{"id":71},"typical-composition-mass","Typical composition (mass %)",[74,75,76,89],"table",{},[77,78,79],"thead",{},[80,81,82,86],"tr",{},[83,84,85],"th",{},"Fraction",[83,87,88],{},"Approximate share",[90,91,92,101,109,117,125,133,141,149],"tbody",{},[80,93,94,98],{},[95,96,97],"td",{},"Paper and card",[95,99,100],{},"20–30%",[80,102,103,106],{},[95,104,105],{},"Food waste",[95,107,108],{},"15–25%",[80,110,111,114],{},[95,112,113],{},"Plastics",[95,115,116],{},"10–15%",[80,118,119,122],{},[95,120,121],{},"Wood and garden waste",[95,123,124],{},"5–15%",[80,126,127,130],{},[95,128,129],{},"Textiles",[95,131,132],{},"3–7%",[80,134,135,138],{},[95,136,137],{},"Glass",[95,139,140],{},"3–8%",[80,142,143,146],{},[95,144,145],{},"Metals",[95,147,148],{},"2–5%",[80,150,151,154],{},[95,152,153],{},"Inerts \u002F fines",[95,155,124],{},[56,157,158],{},"The plastics fraction is the dominant source of chlorine, the food fraction contributes alkali and moisture, and the inerts pass through as bottom ash.",[69,160,162],{"id":161},"composition-variability-and-operations","Composition variability and operations",[56,164,165,166,170,171,175],{},"WtE operators see daily swings of 10–20% in calorific value and 30%+ in chlorine loading. This variability defeats steady-state combustion control and produces episodic ",[63,167,169],{"href":168},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-melt-sticky-ash","low-melt sticky ash"," events. Active ",[63,172,174],{"href":173},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","sonic-horn"," cleaning that can ride through these events without operator intervention is one of the underlying reasons acoustic horns are increasingly the default cleaning specification on new WtE plants.",[69,177,179],{"id":178},"related-terms","Related terms",[181,182,183,189,195,201],"ul",{},[184,185,186],"li",{},[63,187,188],{"href":65},"Waste-to-energy",[184,190,191],{},[63,192,194],{"href":193},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frdf-srf-tdf","RDF \u002F SRF \u002F TDF",[184,196,197],{},[63,198,200],{"href":199},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fgrate-fired-boiler-mass-burn-incinerator","Grate-fired boiler \u002F mass-burn incinerator",[184,202,203],{},[63,204,205],{"href":168},"Low-melt sticky ash",{"title":207,"searchDepth":208,"depth":208,"links":209},"",2,[210,211,212],{"id":71,"depth":208,"text":72},{"id":161,"depth":208,"text":162},{"id":178,"depth":208,"text":179},"wte-biomass","Municipal solid waste (MSW) is mixed household and commercial waste — the primary fuel for mass-burn waste-to-energy plants. Composition varies daily and seasonally with the source catchment area, weather, recycling rates and economic activity, and that variability translates directly into variable fouling behaviour in the boiler.","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Fmunicipal-solid-waste",[66,220,221,222],"rdf-srf-tdf","grate-fired-boiler-mass-burn-incinerator","low-melt-sticky-ash",{"title":224,"description":225},"Municipal solid waste (MSW) — household and commercial waste as boiler fuel","MSW is mixed household and commercial waste — the primary fuel for mass-burn WtE plants. Variable composition produces variable fouling and ash chemistry.",[227],{"title":228,"url":229},"Wikipedia — Municipal solid waste","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMunicipal_solid_waste","glossary\u002Fmunicipal-solid-waste","Municipal solid waste","3__oVHZu8gXIV0vsizj806gZP5gLiYK7SEWOviQUFQo",[234,427,596,721],{"id":235,"title":236,"aliases":237,"body":242,"category":213,"description":410,"extension":215,"meta":411,"navigation":217,"path":65,"relatedTerms":412,"seo":415,"sources":418,"stem":425,"term":188,"__hash__":426},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy.md","Waste-to-energy (WtE \u002F EfW)",[238,239,240,241],"WtE","EfW","energy-from-waste","MSW incineration",{"type":53,"value":243,"toc":405},[244,267,293,297,300,327,340,344,379,381],[56,245,246,249,250,254,255,258,259,262,263,266],{},[59,247,248],{},"Waste-to-energy (WtE)"," — equivalently ",[251,252,253],"em",{},"energy-from-waste (EfW)"," — burns ",[63,256,257],{"href":218},"municipal solid waste (MSW)",", ",[63,260,261],{"href":193},"RDF, SRF and TDF",", commercial waste and some industrial waste streams to generate steam and electricity. WtE is the fastest-growing application for industrial ",[63,264,265],{"href":173},"sonic horns"," worldwide, driven by:",[181,268,269,275,281,287],{},[184,270,271,274],{},[59,272,273],{},"EU policy"," — landfill diversion targets, EU ETS extension to WtE from 2028",[184,276,277,280],{},[59,278,279],{},"UK"," — recent tightening of criteria for new WtE plants raises operating-efficiency expectations",[184,282,283,286],{},[59,284,285],{},"EPC pipeline"," — major projects from Hitachi Zosen Inova \u002F Kanadevia Inova, Babcock & Wilcox Vølund, Paprec Énergies, Keppel Seghers, ANDRITZ, Valmet",[184,288,289,292],{},[59,290,291],{},"Operator economics"," — tipping fees underwrite high-availability targets",[69,294,296],{"id":295},"why-wte-is-uniquely-fouling-prone","Why WtE is uniquely fouling-prone",[56,298,299],{},"Three converging factors make WtE boilers harder to clean than conventional fossil-fuel plants:",[181,301,302,313,321],{},[184,303,304,307,308,312],{},[59,305,306],{},"High chlorine content"," in waste fuels → ",[63,309,311],{"href":310},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fchloride-induced-corrosion","chloride corrosion"," and sticky deposits",[184,314,315,318,319],{},[59,316,317],{},"High alkali content"," (Na, K from food, paper, biomass fractions) → ",[63,320,169],{"href":168},[184,322,323,326],{},[59,324,325],{},"Variable fuel composition"," → unpredictable fouling intensity",[56,328,329,330,334,335,339],{},"Conventional steam ",[63,331,333],{"href":332},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsteam-sootblower","sootblowing"," accelerates ",[63,336,338],{"href":337},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ftube-erosion-tube-wastage","tube wastage"," on the chloride-rich, low-melt deposits typical of WtE; acoustic cleaning is the safer alternative.",[69,341,343],{"id":342},"where-sonic-horns-sit-in-wte-plants","Where sonic horns sit in WtE plants",[181,345,346,352,363,369,374],{},[184,347,348,351],{},[59,349,350],{},"Boiler convective pass"," — superheater, evaporator, economiser tube banks",[184,353,354,357,358,362],{},[59,355,356],{},"SCR catalyst layers"," — high-dust ",[63,359,361],{"href":360},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fselective-catalytic-reduction","SCR"," on WtE",[184,364,365,368],{},[59,366,367],{},"Flue-gas ducting"," between boiler and treatment train",[184,370,371],{},[59,372,373],{},"Bag-filter compartments and hoppers",[184,375,376],{},[59,377,378],{},"Bottom-ash and fly-ash hoppers",[69,380,179],{"id":178},[181,382,383,387,391,395,400],{},[184,384,385],{},[63,386,47],{"href":218},[184,388,389],{},[63,390,194],{"href":193},[184,392,393],{},[63,394,200],{"href":199},[184,396,397],{},[63,398,399],{"href":310},"Chloride-induced corrosion",[184,401,402],{},[63,403,404],{"href":173},"Sonic horn",{"title":207,"searchDepth":208,"depth":208,"links":406},[407,408,409],{"id":295,"depth":208,"text":296},{"id":342,"depth":208,"text":343},{"id":178,"depth":208,"text":179},"Waste-to-energy (WtE) — equivalently energy-from-waste (EfW) — burns municipal solid waste (MSW), RDF, SRF and TDF, commercial waste and some industrial waste streams to generate steam and electricity. WtE is the fastest-growing application for industrial sonic horns worldwide, driven by:",{},[413,220,221,414,174],"municipal-solid-waste","chloride-induced-corrosion",{"title":416,"description":417},"Waste-to-energy (WtE \u002F EfW) — fastest-growing sonic-horn market","WtE plants burn municipal solid waste, RDF, SRF and biomass to generate steam and electricity. Sticky chloride-rich ash defeats conventional cleaning; sonic horns are the dominant fit.",[419,422],{"title":420,"url":421},"Wikipedia — Waste-to-energy","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWaste-to-energy",{"title":423,"url":424},"ESWET — UK tightens criteria for new waste-to-energy plants","https:\u002F\u002Feswet.eu\u002Fuk-government-tightens-criteria-for-new-waste-to-energy-plants\u002F","glossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","n1jacm4CfEzWzKgFtb3zWUtawVRCvFMnoypq0mxk6h8",{"id":428,"title":194,"aliases":429,"body":436,"category":581,"description":582,"extension":215,"meta":583,"navigation":217,"path":193,"relatedTerms":584,"seo":587,"sources":590,"stem":594,"term":261,"__hash__":595},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Frdf-srf-tdf.md",[430,431,432,433,434,435],"refuse-derived fuel","solid recovered fuel","tyre-derived fuel","RDF","SRF","TDF",{"type":53,"value":437,"toc":576},[438,456,524,528,545,549,557,559],[56,439,440,258,442,444,445,447,448,452,453,455],{},[59,441,433],{},[59,443,434],{}," and ",[59,446,435],{}," are the three dominant waste-derived ",[63,449,451],{"href":450},"\u002Fglossary\u002Falternative-fuel","alternative fuels"," used in cement kilns, ",[63,454,66],{"href":65}," plants and industrial boilers.",[74,457,458,474],{},[77,459,460],{},[80,461,462,465,468,471],{},[83,463,464],{},"Fuel",[83,466,467],{},"Source",[83,469,470],{},"Specification",[83,472,473],{},"Calorific value",[90,475,476,492,508],{},[80,477,478,483,486,489],{},[95,479,480,482],{},[59,481,433],{}," (Refuse-Derived Fuel)",[95,484,485],{},"Municipal solid waste, lightly processed",[95,487,488],{},"Loose, no formal CEN\u002FTS specification",[95,490,491],{},"12–18 MJ\u002Fkg",[80,493,494,499,502,505],{},[95,495,496,498],{},[59,497,434],{}," (Solid Recovered Fuel)",[95,500,501],{},"MSW + commercial waste, processed to CEN\u002FTS 15359 spec",[95,503,504],{},"Defined particle size, ash content, calorific value, Cl, Hg",[95,506,507],{},"15–20 MJ\u002Fkg",[80,509,510,515,518,521],{},[95,511,512,514],{},[59,513,435],{}," (Tyre-Derived Fuel)",[95,516,517],{},"End-of-life tyres, shredded",[95,519,520],{},"Shred-size grade or whole-tyre",[95,522,523],{},"28–35 MJ\u002Fkg",[69,525,527],{"id":526},"trade-offs","Trade-offs",[181,529,530,535,540],{},[184,531,532,534],{},[59,533,433],{},": cheap, high availability, variable composition; high chlorine swings",[184,536,537,539],{},[59,538,434],{},": more consistent and predictable than RDF; commands premium gate fees",[184,541,542,544],{},[59,543,435],{},": very high calorific value, supplies iron and sulphur to clinker chemistry; rubber-handling logistics",[69,546,548],{"id":547},"fouling-implications","Fouling implications",[56,550,551,552,556],{},"All three add chlorine, sulphur and alkali metals beyond what fossil coal contributes. The chloride loading from chlorinated plastics in RDF \u002F SRF is the dominant driver of ",[63,553,555],{"href":554},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fchloride-bypass","chloride-bypass"," sizing. TDF adds zinc and iron oxides that can affect clinker chemistry.",[69,558,179],{"id":178},[181,560,561,566,572],{},[184,562,563],{},[63,564,565],{"href":450},"Alternative fuel (AFR)",[184,567,568],{},[63,569,571],{"href":570},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fthermal-substitution-rate","Thermal substitution rate (TSR)",[184,573,574],{},[63,575,188],{"href":65},{"title":207,"searchDepth":208,"depth":208,"links":577},[578,579,580],{"id":526,"depth":208,"text":527},{"id":547,"depth":208,"text":548},{"id":178,"depth":208,"text":179},"cement","RDF, SRF and TDF are the three dominant waste-derived alternative fuels used in cement kilns, waste-to-energy plants and industrial boilers.",{},[585,586,66],"alternative-fuel","thermal-substitution-rate",{"title":588,"description":589},"RDF, SRF and TDF — the three main waste-derived alternative fuels","RDF (refuse-derived fuel), SRF (solid recovered fuel, higher spec) and TDF (tyre-derived fuel) are the three dominant waste-derived alternative fuels for cement kilns and WtE boilers.",[591],{"title":592,"url":593},"Wikipedia — Refuse-derived fuel","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRefuse-derived_fuel","glossary\u002Frdf-srf-tdf","RoQpf87g_jG3WY3RTYBUUo8tH9DaZr_5iiSblH89SVk",{"id":597,"title":200,"aliases":598,"body":602,"category":213,"description":708,"extension":215,"meta":709,"navigation":217,"path":199,"relatedTerms":710,"seo":713,"sources":716,"stem":718,"term":719,"__hash__":720},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fgrate-fired-boiler-mass-burn-incinerator.md",[599,600,601],"grate-fired boiler","moving-grate incinerator","mass-burn incinerator",{"type":53,"value":603,"toc":702},[604,625,629,651,655,670,674,680,682],[56,605,606,607,609,610,612,613,615,616,619,620,624],{},"A ",[59,608,599],{}," (also ",[251,611,600],{}," or ",[251,614,601],{},") burns mixed ",[63,617,618],{"href":218},"municipal solid waste"," on a slowly moving grate without significant fuel pre-processing. As waste advances along the grate, it dries, ignites, burns out, and finally discharges as ",[63,621,623],{"href":622},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fincinerator-bottom-ash","bottom ash",". Mass-burn is the dominant design for municipal WtE plants worldwide.",[69,626,628],{"id":627},"why-mass-burn-dominates-municipal-duty","Why mass-burn dominates municipal duty",[181,630,631,634,637,640,648],{},[184,632,633],{},"Tolerates unprocessed mixed waste",[184,635,636],{},"Simple fuel handling — no shredding or pelletising needed",[184,638,639],{},"Mature, robust, well-supported supply chain",[184,641,642,643,647],{},"Established regulatory acceptance under ",[63,644,646],{"href":645},"\u002Fglossary\u002Findustrial-emissions-directive","IED"," and equivalent",[184,649,650],{},"Scales from 50 t\u002Fday local plants to 3,000+ t\u002Fday urban facilities",[69,652,654],{"id":653},"where-fluidised-bed-designs-compete","Where fluidised-bed designs compete",[56,656,657,444,661,665,666,669],{},[63,658,660],{"href":659},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcfb-boiler","CFB",[63,662,664],{"href":663},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbfb-boiler","BFB"," designs compete with mass-burn for specific duties — pre-sorted ",[63,667,668],{"href":193},"RDF\u002FSRF",", sewage sludge co-firing, biomass-only plants. Fluidised beds need more fuel preparation but offer lower NOx and better fuel flexibility.",[69,671,673],{"id":672},"cleaning","Cleaning",[56,675,676,677,679],{},"Grate-fired WtE boilers benefit from ",[63,678,265],{"href":173}," on the convective pass, ESP\u002Fbaghouse hoppers and SCR. The fluidised-bed alternatives add cyclone-cleaning duty to the same list.",[69,681,179],{"id":178},[181,683,684,688,692,697],{},[184,685,686],{},[63,687,188],{"href":65},[184,689,690],{},[63,691,47],{"href":218},[184,693,694],{},[63,695,696],{"href":663},"BFB boiler",[184,698,699],{},[63,700,701],{"href":659},"CFB boiler",{"title":207,"searchDepth":208,"depth":208,"links":703},[704,705,706,707],{"id":627,"depth":208,"text":628},{"id":653,"depth":208,"text":654},{"id":672,"depth":208,"text":673},{"id":178,"depth":208,"text":179},"A grate-fired boiler (also moving-grate incinerator or mass-burn incinerator) burns mixed municipal solid waste on a slowly moving grate without significant fuel pre-processing. As waste advances along the grate, it dries, ignites, burns out, and finally discharges as bottom ash. Mass-burn is the dominant design for municipal WtE plants worldwide.",{},[66,413,711,712],"bfb-boiler","cfb-boiler",{"title":714,"description":715},"Grate-fired boiler — moving-grate WtE design that dominates municipal waste burning","Grate-fired (mass-burn) WtE boilers burn MSW on a moving grate without fuel pre-processing. The dominant design for municipal waste incineration.",[717],{"title":420,"url":421},"glossary\u002Fgrate-fired-boiler-mass-burn-incinerator","Grate-fired boiler and mass-burn incinerator","V-3wHrFBgxJiD2Am-W-xgmaBL4P57FNupmZusnxi0Ws",{"id":722,"title":205,"aliases":723,"body":727,"category":213,"description":830,"extension":215,"meta":831,"navigation":217,"path":168,"relatedTerms":832,"seo":835,"sources":838,"stem":842,"term":205,"__hash__":843},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-melt-sticky-ash.md",[724,725,726],"sticky ash","low-melting ash","alkali-rich sticky ash",{"type":53,"value":728,"toc":824},[729,745,749,757,761,771,775,797,799],[56,730,731,733,734,444,737,739,740,744],{},[59,732,205],{}," is the universal headache of ",[63,735,736],{"href":65},"biomass",[63,738,66],{"href":65}," boiler operation. It forms when ash particles rich in ",[63,741,743],{"href":742},"\u002Fglossary\u002Falkali-metals-in-ash","alkali metals"," (K, Na) and chlorides soften at typical convective-pass gas temperatures (700–900 °C) and bond to cooler tube surfaces on contact.",[69,746,748],{"id":747},"why-it-defeats-steam-sootblowers","Why it defeats steam sootblowers",[56,750,751,752,756],{},"A steam jet from an ",[63,753,755],{"href":754},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fik-long-retract-sootblower","IK retract sootblower"," is highly effective on dry, friable ash but largely ineffective on a deposit that has bonded as a continuous sticky film. The steam removes only the loose surface layer; the bonded under-layer remains and continues to grow.",[69,758,760],{"id":759},"why-sonic-horns-help","Why sonic horns help",[56,762,763,766,767,770],{},[63,764,765],{"href":173},"Sonic horns"," work ",[251,768,769],{},"before"," the deposit consolidates. Continuous low-amplitude vibration during the early sticky phase prevents the deposit from forming a bonded interface with the tube. The ash remains friable enough to be released by sootblowers or by the next horn pulse, rather than building up into a self-reinforcing sticky mass.",[69,772,774],{"id":773},"where-it-dominates","Where it dominates",[181,776,777,784,791,794],{},[184,778,779,780],{},"Recovery boilers — see ",[63,781,783],{"href":782},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcarry-over","carry-over",[184,785,786,790],{},[63,787,789],{"href":788},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fstraw-agricultural-residue-firing","Straw"," and high-alkali biomass",[184,792,793],{},"WtE boilers, especially with high-RDF feed",[184,795,796],{},"Petcoke firing in some configurations",[69,798,179],{"id":178},[181,800,801,806,810,814,820],{},[184,802,803],{},[63,804,805],{"href":742},"Alkali metals in ash",[184,807,808],{},[63,809,399],{"href":310},[184,811,812],{},[63,813,188],{"href":65},[184,815,816],{},[63,817,819],{"href":818},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater","Superheater",[184,821,822],{},[63,823,404],{"href":173},{"title":207,"searchDepth":208,"depth":208,"links":825},[826,827,828,829],{"id":747,"depth":208,"text":748},{"id":759,"depth":208,"text":760},{"id":773,"depth":208,"text":774},{"id":178,"depth":208,"text":179},"Low-melt sticky ash is the universal headache of biomass and waste-to-energy boiler operation. It forms when ash particles rich in alkali metals (K, Na) and chlorides soften at typical convective-pass gas temperatures (700–900 °C) and bond to cooler tube surfaces on contact.",{},[833,414,66,834,174],"alkali-metals-in-ash","superheater",{"title":836,"description":837},"Low-melt sticky ash — the universal headache of biomass and WtE cleaning","Low-melt sticky ash forms when alkali-rich ash particles soften at typical convective-pass temperatures and bond to tube surfaces. Defeats steam sootblowers; primary target for sonic horns.",[839],{"title":840,"url":841},"Wikipedia — Slagging and fouling in boilers","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBoiler#Slagging","glossary\u002Flow-melt-sticky-ash","T-fxgBz2Ckq6-Jqq1LywnOSrLjgAelnaRUCmw8i4qQA",1782613759793]