[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":875},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:mass-flow-vs-funnel-flow":45,"glossary-related:mass-flow-vs-funnel-flow":194},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":53,"category":176,"description":177,"extension":178,"meta":179,"navigation":180,"path":181,"relatedTerms":182,"seo":184,"sources":187,"stem":191,"term":192,"__hash__":193},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fmass-flow-vs-funnel-flow.md","Mass flow vs funnel flow",[49,50,51,52],"mass flow","funnel flow","first-in-first-out","first-in-last-out",{"type":54,"value":55,"toc":168},"minimark",[56,78,82,85,102,105,109,112,125,129,137,141],[57,58,59,63,64,66,67,72,73,77],"p",{},[60,61,62],"strong",{},"Mass flow"," and ",[60,65,50],{}," describe the two principal bulk-solids discharge regimes from a ",[68,69,71],"a",{"href":70},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhopper","hopper"," or ",[68,74,76],{"href":75},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsilo","silo",".",[79,80,62],"h2",{"id":81},"mass-flow",[57,83,84],{},"All material in the vessel moves downwards uniformly during discharge. The first material in is the first material out (FIFO). Mass flow requires:",[86,87,88,96,99],"ul",{},[89,90,91,92],"li",{},"A steep, smooth-walled ",[68,93,95],{"href":94},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdischarge-cone","discharge cone",[89,97,98],{},"An outlet large enough to defeat any cohesive arching",[89,100,101],{},"Material flow properties (low cohesion, free flow)",[57,103,104],{},"Mass flow gives predictable residence times, no stagnant zones and reliable discharge. It is the preferred design for any application where material ageing, segregation or quality control matter.",[79,106,108],{"id":107},"funnel-flow","Funnel flow",[57,110,111],{},"A central column of material moves while the surrounding mass stagnates. The first material in becomes the last (or never) material out. Funnel flow happens by default in any hopper or silo that does not specifically achieve mass flow.",[57,113,114,115,119,120,124],{},"Funnel flow tolerates simpler vessel geometry but introduces all the classic problems: ",[68,116,118],{"href":117},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frat-holing","rat-holing",", ",[68,121,123],{"href":122},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbridging","bridging",", material ageing, mass-flow indicators that lie about how much usable material remains in the vessel.",[79,126,128],{"id":127},"restoring-mass-flow-behaviour","Restoring mass-flow behaviour",[57,130,131,132,136],{},"Where re-design is impractical, ",[68,133,135],{"href":134},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","sonic horns"," on the discharge cone can push a funnel-flow silo closer to mass-flow behaviour by keeping the previously-stagnant zones moving. This recovers usable storage volume and prevents the long-term consolidation that eventually destroys hopper performance entirely.",[79,138,140],{"id":139},"related-terms","Related terms",[86,142,143,148,153,158,163],{},[89,144,145],{},[68,146,147],{"href":70},"Hopper",[89,149,150],{},[68,151,152],{"href":75},"Silo",[89,154,155],{},[68,156,157],{"href":117},"Rat-holing",[89,159,160],{},[68,161,162],{"href":122},"Bridging",[89,164,165],{},[68,166,167],{"href":94},"Discharge cone",{"title":169,"searchDepth":170,"depth":170,"links":171},"",2,[172,173,174,175],{"id":81,"depth":170,"text":62},{"id":107,"depth":170,"text":108},{"id":127,"depth":170,"text":128},{"id":139,"depth":170,"text":140},"hoppers-silos","Mass flow and funnel flow describe the two principal bulk-solids discharge regimes from a hopper or silo.","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Fmass-flow-vs-funnel-flow",[71,76,118,123,183],"discharge-cone",{"title":185,"description":186},"Mass flow vs funnel flow — the two bulk-solids discharge regimes","Mass flow is first-in-first-out: all material moves uniformly. Funnel flow is first-in-last-out: a central column moves while surrounding material stagnates.",[188],{"title":189,"url":190},"Wikipedia — Hopper (particulate collection container)","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHopper_(particulate_collection_container)","glossary\u002Fmass-flow-vs-funnel-flow","Mass flow and funnel flow","xSp_assUPfnlCmh68pKz6zQzgisE-fcbBTKaoSWdiCA",[195,347,447,571,769],{"id":196,"title":147,"aliases":197,"body":201,"category":176,"description":333,"extension":178,"meta":334,"navigation":180,"path":70,"relatedTerms":335,"seo":340,"sources":343,"stem":345,"term":147,"__hash__":346},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fhopper.md",[198,199,200],"hoppers","storage hopper","process hopper",{"type":54,"value":202,"toc":328},[203,234,238,268,272,291,293],[57,204,205,206,208,209,119,213,119,217,119,221,225,226,119,230,233],{},"A ",[60,207,71],{}," is an inverted-pyramid or conical vessel designed to store bulk solids and discharge them through a converging outlet. Hoppers appear under ",[68,210,212],{"href":211},"\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","ESPs",[68,214,216],{"href":215},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbaghouse","baghouses",[68,218,220],{"href":219},"\u002Fglossary\u002Feconomiser","economisers",[68,222,224],{"href":223},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fair-heater","air heaters"," and process equipment of every kind across cement, power, ",[68,227,229],{"href":228},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","WtE",[68,231,232],{"href":228},"biomass",", refining, pharma, food and mining.",[79,235,237],{"id":236},"universal-failure-modes","Universal failure modes",[86,239,240,247,254,260],{},[89,241,242,246],{},[60,243,244],{},[68,245,162],{"href":122}," — stable arch forms above the outlet",[89,248,249,253],{},[60,250,251],{},[68,252,157],{"href":117}," — narrow channel above the outlet; surrounding material packs and hardens",[89,255,256,259],{},[60,257,258],{},"Pluggage"," — total blockage that stops discharge",[89,261,262,267],{},[60,263,264,265],{},"Funnel flow vs ",[68,266,49],{"href":181}," — first-in, last-out behaviour leading to ageing material remaining indefinitely",[79,269,271],{"id":270},"why-acoustic-cleaning-works-on-hoppers","Why acoustic cleaning works on hoppers",[57,273,274,277,278,119,282,119,286,290],{},[68,275,276],{"href":134},"Sonic horns"," excel on hoppers because the geometry is small enough for the sound wave to fill the whole vessel and the dust is dry and friable. Compared with mechanical alternatives — ",[68,279,281],{"href":280},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbin-vibrator","bin vibrators",[68,283,285],{"href":284},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fair-cannon-air-blaster","air cannons",[68,287,289],{"href":288},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwhip-hammer","whip hammers"," — they cause no structural stress, no fatigue, and no impact damage to the hopper itself.",[79,292,140],{"id":139},[86,294,295,299,305,311,315,319,323],{},[89,296,297],{},[68,298,152],{"href":75},[89,300,301],{},[68,302,304],{"href":303},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbunker-coal-bunker","Bunker \u002F coal bunker",[89,306,307],{},[68,308,310],{"href":309},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbin","Bin",[89,312,313],{},[68,314,162],{"href":122},[89,316,317],{},[68,318,157],{"href":117},[89,320,321],{},[68,322,47],{"href":181},[89,324,325],{},[68,326,327],{"href":134},"Sonic horn",{"title":169,"searchDepth":170,"depth":170,"links":329},[330,331,332],{"id":236,"depth":170,"text":237},{"id":270,"depth":170,"text":271},{"id":139,"depth":170,"text":140},"A hopper is an inverted-pyramid or conical vessel designed to store bulk solids and discharge them through a converging outlet. Hoppers appear under ESPs, baghouses, economisers, air heaters and process equipment of every kind across cement, power, WtE, biomass, refining, pharma, food and mining.",{},[76,336,337,123,118,338,339],"bunker-coal-bunker","bin","mass-flow-vs-funnel-flow","sonic-horn",{"title":341,"description":342},"Hopper — converging vessel for storing and discharging bulk solids","A hopper is an inverted-pyramid or conical vessel for storing and discharging bulk solids. Bridging and rat-holing are the universal failure modes; sonic horns are a clean, low-maintenance remedy.",[344],{"title":189,"url":190},"glossary\u002Fhopper","yaS0yQSinQlli40xEUR0l9zzxphPNmE4Pi2XHYeAc4k",{"id":348,"title":152,"aliases":349,"body":352,"category":176,"description":435,"extension":178,"meta":436,"navigation":180,"path":75,"relatedTerms":437,"seo":438,"sources":441,"stem":445,"term":152,"__hash__":446},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsilo.md",[350,351],"silos","storage silo",{"type":54,"value":353,"toc":430},[354,362,366,375,379,384,392,406,408],[57,355,205,356,358,359,361],{},[60,357,76],{}," is a large vertical vessel for storing bulk solids — cement, fly ash, lime, ",[68,360,232],{"href":228}," pellets, fertilizer granules, food powders, mining concentrate. Silos range from a few cubic metres to tens of thousands of cubic metres and are typically cylindrical with a conical discharge bottom feeding into a single outlet or a cluster of outlets.",[79,363,365],{"id":364},"why-silos-bridge","Why silos bridge",[57,367,368,369,371,372,374],{},"Most bulk solids show some degree of cohesion. Under the gravitational load of metres of stored material, the cohesive bond is enough to form a stable arch above the discharge outlet (",[68,370,123],{"href":122},") or a narrow flow channel surrounded by a hardened mass (",[68,373,118],{"href":117},"). The longer material sits in the silo, the more it consolidates and the harder it is to restart flow.",[79,376,378],{"id":377},"sonic-horns-as-flow-aids","Sonic horns as flow aids",[57,380,381,383],{},[68,382,276],{"href":134}," installed at the silo discharge cone provide continuous low-amplitude vibration that prevents cohesive structures from forming. A single horn typically covers the discharge cone and the lower 2–5 metres of the silo wall. Multiple horns address larger silos or persistent rat-holing zones.",[57,385,386,387,63,389,391],{},"Compared with ",[68,388,285],{"href":284},[68,390,281],{"href":280},":",[86,393,394,397,400,403],{},[89,395,396],{},"No structural impact on the silo",[89,398,399],{},"No discrete blast moments that introduce air pockets into the discharge",[89,401,402],{},"Lower total air consumption per unit cleaning effort",[89,404,405],{},"Single mounting versus arrays of cannons",[79,407,140],{"id":139},[86,409,410,414,418,422,426],{},[89,411,412],{},[68,413,147],{"href":70},[89,415,416],{},[68,417,304],{"href":303},[89,419,420],{},[68,421,162],{"href":122},[89,423,424],{},[68,425,157],{"href":117},[89,427,428],{},[68,429,327],{"href":134},{"title":169,"searchDepth":170,"depth":170,"links":431},[432,433,434],{"id":364,"depth":170,"text":365},{"id":377,"depth":170,"text":378},{"id":139,"depth":170,"text":140},"A silo is a large vertical vessel for storing bulk solids — cement, fly ash, lime, biomass pellets, fertilizer granules, food powders, mining concentrate. Silos range from a few cubic metres to tens of thousands of cubic metres and are typically cylindrical with a conical discharge bottom feeding into a single outlet or a cluster of outlets.",{},[71,336,123,118,339],{"title":439,"description":440},"Silo — large vertical storage vessel for bulk solids","A silo is a large vertical bulk-solids storage vessel. Cement, fly-ash, lime, biomass, fertilizer and food-powder silos all bridge and rat-hole; sonic horns are the leading flow aid.",[442],{"title":443,"url":444},"Wikipedia — Silo","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSilo","glossary\u002Fsilo","h1FnwqisFv53zNO36e7ZXskU_lfE0pCFuFSmOPzPKJ0",{"id":448,"title":157,"aliases":449,"body":453,"category":176,"description":559,"extension":178,"meta":560,"navigation":180,"path":117,"relatedTerms":561,"seo":562,"sources":565,"stem":569,"term":157,"__hash__":570},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Frat-holing.md",[450,451,452],"rat holing","rathole","piping (silos)",{"type":54,"value":454,"toc":553},[455,468,472,498,502,519,523,529,531],[57,456,457,459,460,72,462,464,465,467],{},[60,458,157],{}," is a bulk-solids flow pattern in which material discharges through a narrow vertical channel directly above the ",[68,461,71],{"href":70},[68,463,76],{"href":75}," outlet, while the surrounding material remains stagnant and progressively consolidates. The result is a ",[68,466,107],{"href":181}," condition gone to the extreme: most of the silo contents never move.",[79,469,471],{"id":470},"why-rat-holing-matters","Why rat-holing matters",[86,473,474,480,486,492],{},[89,475,476,479],{},[60,477,478],{},"Effective storage volume collapses"," — only the narrow flowing column is usable",[89,481,482,485],{},[60,483,484],{},"Stagnant material consolidates and ages"," — eventually hardens beyond recovery without manual cleanout",[89,487,488,491],{},[60,489,490],{},"First-in, last-out becomes never-out"," — older material is trapped indefinitely",[89,493,494,497],{},[60,495,496],{},"Catastrophic collapse risk"," — when the rat-hole eventually breaks open under load it can release tonnes of compacted material suddenly into downstream equipment",[79,499,501],{"id":500},"causes","Causes",[86,503,504,507,510,516],{},[89,505,506],{},"Narrow outlet relative to silo diameter",[89,508,509],{},"Steep but insufficiently steep cone angle",[89,511,512,513,515],{},"Cohesive material below its ",[68,514,81],{"href":181}," threshold",[89,517,518],{},"Failure of a discharge aid (vibrator, aeration) that previously prevented funnel flow",[79,520,522],{"id":521},"prevention","Prevention",[57,524,525,526,528],{},"The structural remedy is to redesign the cone for mass flow — steeper angle, larger outlet, smoother wall finish. Where that is not feasible, ",[68,527,135],{"href":134}," mounted on the cone wall continuously vibrate the stagnant material and break the rat-hole pattern, restoring closer-to-mass-flow behaviour.",[79,530,140],{"id":139},[86,532,533,537,541,545,549],{},[89,534,535],{},[68,536,147],{"href":70},[89,538,539],{},[68,540,152],{"href":75},[89,542,543],{},[68,544,162],{"href":122},[89,546,547],{},[68,548,47],{"href":181},[89,550,551],{},[68,552,327],{"href":134},{"title":169,"searchDepth":170,"depth":170,"links":554},[555,556,557,558],{"id":470,"depth":170,"text":471},{"id":500,"depth":170,"text":501},{"id":521,"depth":170,"text":522},{"id":139,"depth":170,"text":140},"Rat-holing is a bulk-solids flow pattern in which material discharges through a narrow vertical channel directly above the hopper or silo outlet, while the surrounding material remains stagnant and progressively consolidates. The result is a funnel-flow condition gone to the extreme: most of the silo contents never move.",{},[71,76,123,338,339],{"title":563,"description":564},"Rat-holing — narrow flow channel surrounded by stagnant material","Rat-holing is a flow pattern in which material discharges through a narrow vertical channel above the outlet, while the surrounding material remains stagnant and consolidates.",[566],{"title":567,"url":568},"Powder & Bulk Solids — Preventing Rat-Holing and Bridging in Powder Silos","https:\u002F\u002Fsgsystemsglobal.com\u002Fglossary\u002Fsilo-rat-holing-and-bridging\u002F","glossary\u002Frat-holing","3n3tr5ikWPxS_JBE88L9ukEJEOBUqUYJL_CIAM9Xol8",{"id":572,"title":162,"aliases":573,"body":578,"category":176,"description":755,"extension":178,"meta":756,"navigation":180,"path":122,"relatedTerms":757,"seo":758,"sources":761,"stem":766,"term":767,"__hash__":768},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fbridging.md",[574,575,576,577],"arching","arch formation","hopper bridging","silo bridging",{"type":54,"value":579,"toc":749},[580,596,600,603,625,629,643,647,725,727],[57,581,582,584,585,72,588,590,591,72,593,595],{},[60,583,162],{}," (also ",[586,587,574],"em",{},[586,589,575],{},") is the formation of a stable mechanical arch of bulk-solid material above the discharge outlet of a ",[68,592,71],{"href":70},[68,594,76],{"href":75},". Once a bridge forms, no material flows out of the outlet even though the vessel above is full. Bridging is the universal failure mode of bulk-solids storage.",[79,597,599],{"id":598},"how-a-bridge-forms","How a bridge forms",[57,601,602],{},"Cohesive forces between particles — moisture films, electrostatic charge, chemical bonding — combine with the converging-flow geometry to lock particles into an arch shape. The arch is self-supporting against the load above. Cohesion increases with:",[86,604,605,613,616,619,622],{},[89,606,607,608,612],{},"Fine particle size (especially Geldart-C powders — see ",[68,609,611],{"href":610},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fgeldart-classification","Geldart classification",")",[89,614,615],{},"Moisture",[89,617,618],{},"Hygroscopic chemistry (urea, ammonium nitrate, lime)",[89,620,621],{},"Long residence time (consolidation under sustained load)",[89,623,624],{},"Temperature cycling",[79,626,628],{"id":627},"diagnosing-a-bridge","Diagnosing a bridge",[86,630,631,634,637,640],{},[89,632,633],{},"Outlet flow stops while the level above remains high",[89,635,636],{},"Mass-flow indicators report no movement",[89,638,639],{},"A simple tap on the hopper outside the discharge cone produces a hollow sound",[89,641,642],{},"Borescope inspection from the inlet shows the arch directly",[79,644,646],{"id":645},"remedies","Remedies",[648,649,650,663],"table",{},[651,652,653],"thead",{},[654,655,656,660],"tr",{},[657,658,659],"th",{},"Technique",[657,661,662],{},"Notes",[664,665,666,676,686,696,706,717],"tbody",{},[654,667,668,673],{},[669,670,671],"td",{},[68,672,327],{"href":134},[669,674,675],{},"Continuous prevention; non-contact; minimal infrastructure",[654,677,678,683],{},[669,679,680],{},[68,681,682],{"href":284},"Air cannon",[669,684,685],{},"High-intensity periodic; effective on hard bridges; structural stress",[654,687,688,693],{},[669,689,690],{},[68,691,692],{"href":280},"Bin vibrator",[669,694,695],{},"Continuous vibration; can compact powder further if poorly sized",[654,697,698,703],{},[669,699,700],{},[68,701,702],{"href":288},"Whip hammer",[669,704,705],{},"Manual; legacy; HSE concerns",[654,707,708,714],{},[669,709,710],{},[68,711,713],{"href":712},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffluidisation-pad-aeration-pad","Fluidisation pad",[669,715,716],{},"Aerates the lower vessel; not suitable for wet material",[654,718,719,722],{},[669,720,721],{},"Mechanical screw extractor",[669,723,724],{},"Bypasses the bridge entirely; high capex",[79,726,140],{"id":139},[86,728,729,733,737,741,745],{},[89,730,731],{},[68,732,147],{"href":70},[89,734,735],{},[68,736,152],{"href":75},[89,738,739],{},[68,740,157],{"href":117},[89,742,743],{},[68,744,47],{"href":181},[89,746,747],{},[68,748,327],{"href":134},{"title":169,"searchDepth":170,"depth":170,"links":750},[751,752,753,754],{"id":598,"depth":170,"text":599},{"id":627,"depth":170,"text":628},{"id":645,"depth":170,"text":646},{"id":139,"depth":170,"text":140},"Bridging (also arching or arch formation) is the formation of a stable mechanical arch of bulk-solid material above the discharge outlet of a hopper or silo. Once a bridge forms, no material flows out of the outlet even though the vessel above is full. Bridging is the universal failure mode of bulk-solids storage.",{},[71,76,118,338,339],{"title":759,"description":760},"Bridging — stable arch above the discharge of a hopper or silo","Bridging (also arching) is the formation of a stable arch of bulk solids above the discharge outlet of a hopper or silo, stopping material flow. The universal failure mode of bulk-solids storage.",[762,763],{"title":567,"url":568},{"title":764,"url":765},"Accendo Reliability — Bridging in Silos and Hoppers","https:\u002F\u002Faccendoreliability.com\u002Fbridging-silos-hoppers\u002F","glossary\u002Fbridging","Bridging (bulk-solids)","qG-iJwvR3z5_NliCxfeui3lEL9wxjVY3kU3rO9JWn8g",{"id":770,"title":167,"aliases":771,"body":775,"category":176,"description":865,"extension":178,"meta":866,"navigation":180,"path":94,"relatedTerms":867,"seo":868,"sources":871,"stem":873,"term":167,"__hash__":874},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fdischarge-cone.md",[772,773,774],"hopper cone","silo cone","converging section",{"type":54,"value":776,"toc":860},[777,792,796,824,827,831,836,838],[57,778,779,780,782,783,72,785,787,788,72,790,77],{},"The ",[60,781,95],{}," is the converging lower section of a ",[68,784,71],{"href":70},[68,786,76],{"href":75}," that funnels stored material to the outlet. The cone's geometry — angle from vertical, surface finish, outlet diameter — is the single most important design variable controlling whether the vessel delivers ",[68,789,49],{"href":181},[68,791,50],{"href":181},[79,793,795],{"id":794},"design-rules-of-thumb","Design rules of thumb",[86,797,798,804,810,818],{},[89,799,800,803],{},[60,801,802],{},"Steeper cone"," (smaller angle from vertical) — more likely to deliver mass flow",[89,805,806,809],{},[60,807,808],{},"Smoother wall finish"," — less friction at the wall — more likely mass flow",[89,811,812,815,816],{},[60,813,814],{},"Larger outlet diameter"," — greater margin against ",[68,817,123],{"href":122},[89,819,820,823],{},[60,821,822],{},"Outlet at least 6× the largest particle dimension"," — minimum to avoid interlocking",[57,825,826],{},"For cohesive powders, the cone needs to be steeper than 70° from horizontal and the wall finish must be smoother than the material's wall-friction angle to achieve mass flow.",[79,828,830],{"id":829},"acoustic-cleaning-duty","Acoustic-cleaning duty",[57,832,833,835],{},[68,834,276],{"href":134}," are most commonly mounted on the cone wall — either through a side flange just below the vessel cylinder or at the cone-to-cylinder transition. This positions the horn close to the most arching-prone zone while keeping it accessible for maintenance.",[79,837,140],{"id":139},[86,839,840,844,848,852,856],{},[89,841,842],{},[68,843,147],{"href":70},[89,845,846],{},[68,847,152],{"href":75},[89,849,850],{},[68,851,47],{"href":181},[89,853,854],{},[68,855,162],{"href":122},[89,857,858],{},[68,859,327],{"href":134},{"title":169,"searchDepth":170,"depth":170,"links":861},[862,863,864],{"id":794,"depth":170,"text":795},{"id":829,"depth":170,"text":830},{"id":139,"depth":170,"text":140},"The discharge cone is the converging lower section of a hopper or silo that funnels stored material to the outlet. The cone's geometry — angle from vertical, surface finish, outlet diameter — is the single most important design variable controlling whether the vessel delivers mass flow or funnel flow.",{},[71,76,338,123,339],{"title":869,"description":870},"Discharge cone — converging section that funnels material to the outlet","The discharge cone is the converging lower section of a hopper or silo. Cone angle and surface finish determine whether the vessel delivers mass flow or funnel flow.",[872],{"title":189,"url":190},"glossary\u002Fdischarge-cone","kPPHJf2jprRLGn7Mc8y3zdVqQGvHpqy2Ww8ThI5nxOA",1782613741220]