[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":798},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:grate-fired-boiler-mass-burn-incinerator":45,"glossary-related:grate-fired-boiler-mass-burn-incinerator":199},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":52,"category":178,"description":179,"extension":180,"meta":181,"navigation":182,"path":183,"relatedTerms":184,"seo":189,"sources":192,"stem":196,"term":197,"__hash__":198},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fgrate-fired-boiler-mass-burn-incinerator.md","Grate-fired boiler \u002F mass-burn incinerator",[49,50,51],"grate-fired boiler","moving-grate incinerator","mass-burn incinerator",{"type":53,"value":54,"toc":170},"minimark",[55,81,86,110,114,131,135,143,147],[56,57,58,59,62,63,66,67,69,70,75,76,80],"p",{},"A ",[60,61,49],"strong",{}," (also ",[64,65,50],"em",{}," or ",[64,68,51],{},") burns mixed ",[71,72,74],"a",{"href":73},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fmunicipal-solid-waste","municipal solid waste"," on a slowly moving grate without significant fuel pre-processing. As waste advances along the grate, it dries, ignites, burns out, and finally discharges as ",[71,77,79],{"href":78},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fincinerator-bottom-ash","bottom ash",". Mass-burn is the dominant design for municipal WtE plants worldwide.",[82,83,85],"h2",{"id":84},"why-mass-burn-dominates-municipal-duty","Why mass-burn dominates municipal duty",[87,88,89,93,96,99,107],"ul",{},[90,91,92],"li",{},"Tolerates unprocessed mixed waste",[90,94,95],{},"Simple fuel handling — no shredding or pelletising needed",[90,97,98],{},"Mature, robust, well-supported supply chain",[90,100,101,102,106],{},"Established regulatory acceptance under ",[71,103,105],{"href":104},"\u002Fglossary\u002Findustrial-emissions-directive","IED"," and equivalent",[90,108,109],{},"Scales from 50 t\u002Fday local plants to 3,000+ t\u002Fday urban facilities",[82,111,113],{"id":112},"where-fluidised-bed-designs-compete","Where fluidised-bed designs compete",[56,115,116,120,121,125,126,130],{},[71,117,119],{"href":118},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcfb-boiler","CFB"," and ",[71,122,124],{"href":123},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbfb-boiler","BFB"," designs compete with mass-burn for specific duties — pre-sorted ",[71,127,129],{"href":128},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frdf-srf-tdf","RDF\u002FSRF",", sewage sludge co-firing, biomass-only plants. Fluidised beds need more fuel preparation but offer lower NOx and better fuel flexibility.",[82,132,134],{"id":133},"cleaning","Cleaning",[56,136,137,138,142],{},"Grate-fired WtE boilers benefit from ",[71,139,141],{"href":140},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","sonic horns"," on the convective pass, ESP\u002Fbaghouse hoppers and SCR. The fluidised-bed alternatives add cyclone-cleaning duty to the same list.",[82,144,146],{"id":145},"related-terms","Related terms",[87,148,149,155,160,165],{},[90,150,151],{},[71,152,154],{"href":153},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","Waste-to-energy",[90,156,157],{},[71,158,159],{"href":73},"Municipal solid waste (MSW)",[90,161,162],{},[71,163,164],{"href":123},"BFB boiler",[90,166,167],{},[71,168,169],{"href":118},"CFB boiler",{"title":171,"searchDepth":172,"depth":172,"links":173},"",2,[174,175,176,177],{"id":84,"depth":172,"text":85},{"id":112,"depth":172,"text":113},{"id":133,"depth":172,"text":134},{"id":145,"depth":172,"text":146},"wte-biomass","A grate-fired boiler (also moving-grate incinerator or mass-burn incinerator) burns mixed municipal solid waste on a slowly moving grate without significant fuel pre-processing. As waste advances along the grate, it dries, ignites, burns out, and finally discharges as bottom ash. Mass-burn is the dominant design for municipal WtE plants worldwide.","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Fgrate-fired-boiler-mass-burn-incinerator",[185,186,187,188],"waste-to-energy","municipal-solid-waste","bfb-boiler","cfb-boiler",{"title":190,"description":191},"Grate-fired boiler — moving-grate WtE design that dominates municipal waste burning","Grate-fired (mass-burn) WtE boilers burn MSW on a moving grate without fuel pre-processing. The dominant design for municipal waste incineration.",[193],{"title":194,"url":195},"Wikipedia — Waste-to-energy","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWaste-to-energy","glossary\u002Fgrate-fired-boiler-mass-burn-incinerator","Grate-fired boiler and mass-burn incinerator","V-3wHrFBgxJiD2Am-W-xgmaBL4P57FNupmZusnxi0Ws",[200,394,553,659],{"id":201,"title":202,"aliases":203,"body":208,"category":178,"description":377,"extension":180,"meta":378,"navigation":182,"path":153,"relatedTerms":379,"seo":384,"sources":387,"stem":392,"term":154,"__hash__":393},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy.md","Waste-to-energy (WtE \u002F EfW)",[204,205,206,207],"WtE","EfW","energy-from-waste","MSW incineration",{"type":53,"value":209,"toc":372},[210,231,257,261,264,293,306,310,345,347],[56,211,212,215,216,219,220,223,224,227,228,230],{},[60,213,214],{},"Waste-to-energy (WtE)"," — equivalently ",[64,217,218],{},"energy-from-waste (EfW)"," — burns ",[71,221,222],{"href":73},"municipal solid waste (MSW)",", ",[71,225,226],{"href":128},"RDF, SRF and TDF",", commercial waste and some industrial waste streams to generate steam and electricity. WtE is the fastest-growing application for industrial ",[71,229,141],{"href":140}," worldwide, driven by:",[87,232,233,239,245,251],{},[90,234,235,238],{},[60,236,237],{},"EU policy"," — landfill diversion targets, EU ETS extension to WtE from 2028",[90,240,241,244],{},[60,242,243],{},"UK"," — recent tightening of criteria for new WtE plants raises operating-efficiency expectations",[90,246,247,250],{},[60,248,249],{},"EPC pipeline"," — major projects from Hitachi Zosen Inova \u002F Kanadevia Inova, Babcock & Wilcox Vølund, Paprec Énergies, Keppel Seghers, ANDRITZ, Valmet",[90,252,253,256],{},[60,254,255],{},"Operator economics"," — tipping fees underwrite high-availability targets",[82,258,260],{"id":259},"why-wte-is-uniquely-fouling-prone","Why WtE is uniquely fouling-prone",[56,262,263],{},"Three converging factors make WtE boilers harder to clean than conventional fossil-fuel plants:",[87,265,266,277,287],{},[90,267,268,271,272,276],{},[60,269,270],{},"High chlorine content"," in waste fuels → ",[71,273,275],{"href":274},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fchloride-induced-corrosion","chloride corrosion"," and sticky deposits",[90,278,279,282,283],{},[60,280,281],{},"High alkali content"," (Na, K from food, paper, biomass fractions) → ",[71,284,286],{"href":285},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-melt-sticky-ash","low-melt sticky ash",[90,288,289,292],{},[60,290,291],{},"Variable fuel composition"," → unpredictable fouling intensity",[56,294,295,296,300,301,305],{},"Conventional steam ",[71,297,299],{"href":298},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsteam-sootblower","sootblowing"," accelerates ",[71,302,304],{"href":303},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ftube-erosion-tube-wastage","tube wastage"," on the chloride-rich, low-melt deposits typical of WtE; acoustic cleaning is the safer alternative.",[82,307,309],{"id":308},"where-sonic-horns-sit-in-wte-plants","Where sonic horns sit in WtE plants",[87,311,312,318,329,335,340],{},[90,313,314,317],{},[60,315,316],{},"Boiler convective pass"," — superheater, evaporator, economiser tube banks",[90,319,320,323,324,328],{},[60,321,322],{},"SCR catalyst layers"," — high-dust ",[71,325,327],{"href":326},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fselective-catalytic-reduction","SCR"," on WtE",[90,330,331,334],{},[60,332,333],{},"Flue-gas ducting"," between boiler and treatment train",[90,336,337],{},[60,338,339],{},"Bag-filter compartments and hoppers",[90,341,342],{},[60,343,344],{},"Bottom-ash and fly-ash hoppers",[82,346,146],{"id":145},[87,348,349,353,358,362,367],{},[90,350,351],{},[71,352,159],{"href":73},[90,354,355],{},[71,356,357],{"href":128},"RDF \u002F SRF \u002F TDF",[90,359,360],{},[71,361,47],{"href":183},[90,363,364],{},[71,365,366],{"href":274},"Chloride-induced corrosion",[90,368,369],{},[71,370,371],{"href":140},"Sonic horn",{"title":171,"searchDepth":172,"depth":172,"links":373},[374,375,376],{"id":259,"depth":172,"text":260},{"id":308,"depth":172,"text":309},{"id":145,"depth":172,"text":146},"Waste-to-energy (WtE) — equivalently energy-from-waste (EfW) — burns municipal solid waste (MSW), RDF, SRF and TDF, commercial waste and some industrial waste streams to generate steam and electricity. WtE is the fastest-growing application for industrial sonic horns worldwide, driven by:",{},[186,380,381,382,383],"rdf-srf-tdf","grate-fired-boiler-mass-burn-incinerator","chloride-induced-corrosion","sonic-horn",{"title":385,"description":386},"Waste-to-energy (WtE \u002F EfW) — fastest-growing sonic-horn market","WtE plants burn municipal solid waste, RDF, SRF and biomass to generate steam and electricity. Sticky chloride-rich ash defeats conventional cleaning; sonic horns are the dominant fit.",[388,389],{"title":194,"url":195},{"title":390,"url":391},"ESWET — UK tightens criteria for new waste-to-energy plants","https:\u002F\u002Feswet.eu\u002Fuk-government-tightens-criteria-for-new-waste-to-energy-plants\u002F","glossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","n1jacm4CfEzWzKgFtb3zWUtawVRCvFMnoypq0mxk6h8",{"id":395,"title":159,"aliases":396,"body":400,"category":178,"description":539,"extension":180,"meta":540,"navigation":182,"path":73,"relatedTerms":541,"seo":543,"sources":546,"stem":550,"term":551,"__hash__":552},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fmunicipal-solid-waste.md",[397,398,399],"MSW","household waste","residual waste",{"type":53,"value":401,"toc":534},[402,410,414,497,500,504,513,515],[56,403,404,406,407,409],{},[60,405,159],{}," is mixed household and commercial waste — the primary fuel for mass-burn ",[71,408,185],{"href":153}," plants. Composition varies daily and seasonally with the source catchment area, weather, recycling rates and economic activity, and that variability translates directly into variable fouling behaviour in the boiler.",[82,411,413],{"id":412},"typical-composition-mass","Typical composition (mass %)",[415,416,417,430],"table",{},[418,419,420],"thead",{},[421,422,423,427],"tr",{},[424,425,426],"th",{},"Fraction",[424,428,429],{},"Approximate share",[431,432,433,442,450,458,466,474,482,490],"tbody",{},[421,434,435,439],{},[436,437,438],"td",{},"Paper and card",[436,440,441],{},"20–30%",[421,443,444,447],{},[436,445,446],{},"Food waste",[436,448,449],{},"15–25%",[421,451,452,455],{},[436,453,454],{},"Plastics",[436,456,457],{},"10–15%",[421,459,460,463],{},[436,461,462],{},"Wood and garden waste",[436,464,465],{},"5–15%",[421,467,468,471],{},[436,469,470],{},"Textiles",[436,472,473],{},"3–7%",[421,475,476,479],{},[436,477,478],{},"Glass",[436,480,481],{},"3–8%",[421,483,484,487],{},[436,485,486],{},"Metals",[436,488,489],{},"2–5%",[421,491,492,495],{},[436,493,494],{},"Inerts \u002F fines",[436,496,465],{},[56,498,499],{},"The plastics fraction is the dominant source of chlorine, the food fraction contributes alkali and moisture, and the inerts pass through as bottom ash.",[82,501,503],{"id":502},"composition-variability-and-operations","Composition variability and operations",[56,505,506,507,509,510,512],{},"WtE operators see daily swings of 10–20% in calorific value and 30%+ in chlorine loading. This variability defeats steady-state combustion control and produces episodic ",[71,508,286],{"href":285}," events. Active ",[71,511,383],{"href":140}," cleaning that can ride through these events without operator intervention is one of the underlying reasons acoustic horns are increasingly the default cleaning specification on new WtE plants.",[82,514,146],{"id":145},[87,516,517,521,525,529],{},[90,518,519],{},[71,520,154],{"href":153},[90,522,523],{},[71,524,357],{"href":128},[90,526,527],{},[71,528,47],{"href":183},[90,530,531],{},[71,532,533],{"href":285},"Low-melt sticky ash",{"title":171,"searchDepth":172,"depth":172,"links":535},[536,537,538],{"id":412,"depth":172,"text":413},{"id":502,"depth":172,"text":503},{"id":145,"depth":172,"text":146},"Municipal solid waste (MSW) is mixed household and commercial waste — the primary fuel for mass-burn waste-to-energy plants. Composition varies daily and seasonally with the source catchment area, weather, recycling rates and economic activity, and that variability translates directly into variable fouling behaviour in the boiler.",{},[185,380,381,542],"low-melt-sticky-ash",{"title":544,"description":545},"Municipal solid waste (MSW) — household and commercial waste as boiler fuel","MSW is mixed household and commercial waste — the primary fuel for mass-burn WtE plants. Variable composition produces variable fouling and ash chemistry.",[547],{"title":548,"url":549},"Wikipedia — Municipal solid waste","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMunicipal_solid_waste","glossary\u002Fmunicipal-solid-waste","Municipal solid waste","3__oVHZu8gXIV0vsizj806gZP5gLiYK7SEWOviQUFQo",{"id":554,"title":555,"aliases":556,"body":559,"category":644,"description":645,"extension":180,"meta":646,"navigation":182,"path":123,"relatedTerms":647,"seo":649,"sources":652,"stem":656,"term":657,"__hash__":658},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fbfb-boiler.md","BFB boiler (bubbling fluidised bed)",[164,557,558],"bubbling fluidised bed","bubbling fluidized bed",{"type":53,"value":560,"toc":639},[561,570,574,595,599,620,622],[56,562,58,563,566,567,569],{},[60,564,565],{},"bubbling fluidised-bed (BFB) boiler"," burns fuel in a bed of inert solids fluidised by an upward gas flow slow enough that the bed surface bubbles like boiling water but particles do not entrain into the flue gas. Compared with ",[71,568,119],{"href":118},", BFB uses lower fluidisation velocity, no external cyclone, and a simpler bed-management regime.",[82,571,573],{"id":572},"where-bfb-is-used","Where BFB is used",[87,575,576,579,582,589,592],{},[90,577,578],{},"Wet biomass and forest residues",[90,580,581],{},"Sewage-sludge incineration",[90,583,584,588],{},[71,585,587],{"href":586},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhog-fuel-boiler-bark-boiler","Hog-fuel"," and bark boilers at pulp mills",[90,590,591],{},"Small-to-mid capacity district-heating and process-steam duty",[90,593,594],{},"High-moisture, low-calorific fuels generally",[82,596,598],{"id":597},"fouling","Fouling",[56,600,601,602,120,606,610,611,615,616,619],{},"The fouling pattern resembles a CFB but with less cyclone deposition. The convective pass, ",[71,603,605],{"href":604},"\u002Fglossary\u002Feconomiser","economiser",[71,607,609],{"href":608},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fair-heater","air heater"," accumulate fine ash; the ",[71,612,614],{"href":613},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaterwall","waterwall"," above the bed can experience alkali-rich slagging on agricultural-residue and straw fuels. ",[71,617,618],{"href":140},"Sonic horns"," on the convective pass and air-heater cold end are the typical cleaning fit.",[82,621,146],{"id":145},[87,623,624,630,634],{},[90,625,626],{},[71,627,629],{"href":628},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fboiler","Boiler",[90,631,632],{},[71,633,169],{"href":118},[90,635,636],{},[71,637,638],{"href":586},"Hog-fuel boiler \u002F bark boiler",{"title":171,"searchDepth":172,"depth":172,"links":640},[641,642,643],{"id":572,"depth":172,"text":573},{"id":597,"depth":172,"text":598},{"id":145,"depth":172,"text":146},"boiler","A bubbling fluidised-bed (BFB) boiler burns fuel in a bed of inert solids fluidised by an upward gas flow slow enough that the bed surface bubbles like boiling water but particles do not entrain into the flue gas. Compared with CFB, BFB uses lower fluidisation velocity, no external cyclone, and a simpler bed-management regime.",{},[644,188,648],"hog-fuel-boiler-bark-boiler",{"title":650,"description":651},"BFB boiler — bubbling fluidised-bed combustion for biomass and sludge","A BFB boiler suspends fuel in a slowly-bubbling bed of inert solids. Lower fluidisation velocity than CFB; suited to high-moisture biomass and sludges.",[653],{"title":654,"url":655},"Wikipedia — Fluidized bed combustion","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFluidized_bed_combustion","glossary\u002Fbfb-boiler","Bubbling fluidised-bed boiler","Bzx0JXI9cax6PUkf7iAsR15RqikYZIcxMt5DAlUZ8LA",{"id":660,"title":661,"aliases":662,"body":665,"category":644,"description":785,"extension":180,"meta":786,"navigation":182,"path":118,"relatedTerms":787,"seo":790,"sources":793,"stem":795,"term":796,"__hash__":797},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fcfb-boiler.md","CFB boiler (circulating fluidised bed)",[169,663,664],"circulating fluidised bed boiler","circulating fluidized bed",{"type":53,"value":666,"toc":780},[667,683,687,690,713,716,720,750,755,757],[56,668,58,669,672,673,677,678,682],{},[60,670,671],{},"circulating fluidised-bed (CFB) boiler"," burns fuel in a turbulent bed of sand, ash and limestone, circulated by an upward-flowing combustion-air stream and recirculated through external ",[71,674,676],{"href":675},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcyclone-separator","cyclone separators",". Combustion temperature (~850 °C) is much lower than in a ",[71,679,681],{"href":680},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpc-boiler","PC boiler",", giving naturally lower NOx and the capability to capture SO₂ in the bed by limestone addition.",[82,684,686],{"id":685},"fuel-flexibility","Fuel flexibility",[56,688,689],{},"CFB boilers tolerate a far wider range of fuels than PC boilers:",[87,691,692,695,698,704,710],{},[90,693,694],{},"Coal (anthracite, bituminous, sub-bituminous, lignite)",[90,696,697],{},"Petroleum coke",[90,699,700,703],{},[71,701,702],{"href":153},"Biomass"," (wood, agricultural residues, bagasse)",[90,705,706,709],{},[71,707,708],{"href":128},"RDF"," and waste fractions",[90,711,712],{},"Mixed and low-grade fuels",[56,714,715],{},"This fuel flexibility makes CFB the technology of choice for biomass conversions, waste-fired plants and lignite-rich regions.",[82,717,719],{"id":718},"fouling-pattern","Fouling pattern",[87,721,722,728,744],{},[90,723,724,727],{},[60,725,726],{},"Cyclone fouling"," — recirculating bed material accumulates on cyclone walls and downcomers",[90,729,730,733,734,223,736,120,740,743],{},[60,731,732],{},"Backpass fouling"," — fine ash on ",[71,735,605],{"href":604},[71,737,739],{"href":738},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater","superheater",[71,741,742],{"href":608},"air-heater"," tubes",[90,745,746,749],{},[60,747,748],{},"Refractory wear"," in high-velocity zones",[56,751,752,754],{},[71,753,618],{"href":140}," on the backpass surfaces and cyclone walls extend run length between maintenance outages.",[82,756,146],{"id":145},[87,758,759,763,767,771,776],{},[90,760,761],{},[71,762,629],{"href":628},[90,764,765],{},[71,766,164],{"href":123},[90,768,769],{},[71,770,681],{"href":680},[90,772,773],{},[71,774,775],{"href":675},"Cyclone separator",[90,777,778],{},[71,779,371],{"href":140},{"title":171,"searchDepth":172,"depth":172,"links":781},[782,783,784],{"id":685,"depth":172,"text":686},{"id":718,"depth":172,"text":719},{"id":145,"depth":172,"text":146},"A circulating fluidised-bed (CFB) boiler burns fuel in a turbulent bed of sand, ash and limestone, circulated by an upward-flowing combustion-air stream and recirculated through external cyclone separators. Combustion temperature (~850 °C) is much lower than in a PC boiler, giving naturally lower NOx and the capability to capture SO₂ in the bed by limestone addition.",{},[644,187,788,789,383],"pc-boiler","cyclone-separator",{"title":791,"description":792},"CFB boiler — circulating fluidised-bed combustion for fuel flexibility","A CFB boiler burns fuel in a turbulent bed of sand, ash and limestone circulated by an upward-flowing gas stream. Tolerates coal, biomass, RDF and lignite; produces low NOx.",[794],{"title":654,"url":655},"glossary\u002Fcfb-boiler","Circulating fluidised-bed boiler","QNumZQl2rNlvci0eemW6ii5Do8yT8iOZn-74mjhC-XY",1782613758374]