[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":800},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:fume":45,"glossary-related:fume":170},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":51,"category":151,"description":152,"extension":153,"meta":154,"navigation":155,"path":156,"relatedTerms":157,"seo":161,"sources":164,"stem":168,"term":47,"__hash__":169},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Ffume.md","Fume (recovery boiler)",[49,50],"sodium fume","recovery boiler fume",{"type":52,"value":53,"toc":144},"minimark",[54,73,78,81,107,111,118,122],[55,56,57,61,62,67,68,72],"p",{},[58,59,60],"strong",{},"Fume"," in recovery-boiler vocabulary refers to the very fine sub-micron sodium-sulphate particulate that forms by vapour-phase condensation in the upper furnace as gas cools from the combustion zone. Distinct from larger ",[63,64,66],"a",{"href":65},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcarry-over","carry-over"," particles, fume is too fine to settle by gravity and remains entrained until captured by the downstream ",[63,69,71],{"href":70},"\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","ESP",".",[74,75,77],"h2",{"id":76},"where-fume-deposits","Where fume deposits",[55,79,80],{},"Fume's small particle size means it follows gas streamlines closely but still deposits where flow eddies allow contact with cooler surfaces:",[82,83,84,97,104],"ul",{},[85,86,87,91,92,96],"li",{},[63,88,90],{"href":89},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater","Superheater"," and ",[63,93,95],{"href":94},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fgenerating-bank","generating-bank"," tubes — alongside larger carry-over particles",[85,98,99,103],{},[63,100,102],{"href":101},"\u002Fglossary\u002Feconomiser","Economiser"," tubes — fume-rich bottoming deposits",[85,105,106],{},"ESP collecting plates — fine cake build-up",[74,108,110],{"id":109},"cleaning","Cleaning",[55,112,113,117],{},[63,114,116],{"href":115},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","Sonic horns"," on the recovery-boiler convective pass and ESP address both fume and coarser carry-over deposits in the same firing pattern.",[74,119,121],{"id":120},"related-terms","Related terms",[82,123,124,130,135,139],{},[85,125,126],{},[63,127,129],{"href":128},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frecovery-boiler","Recovery boiler",[85,131,132],{},[63,133,134],{"href":65},"Carry-over",[85,136,137],{},[63,138,90],{"href":89},[85,140,141],{},[63,142,143],{"href":70},"Electrostatic precipitator",{"title":145,"searchDepth":146,"depth":146,"links":147},"",2,[148,149,150],{"id":76,"depth":146,"text":77},{"id":109,"depth":146,"text":110},{"id":120,"depth":146,"text":121},"pulp-paper","Fume in recovery-boiler vocabulary refers to the very fine sub-micron sodium-sulphate particulate that forms by vapour-phase condensation in the upper furnace as gas cools from the combustion zone. Distinct from larger carry-over particles, fume is too fine to settle by gravity and remains entrained until captured by the downstream ESP.","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffume",[158,66,159,160],"recovery-boiler","superheater","electrostatic-precipitator",{"title":162,"description":163},"Fume — fine sodium-sulphate particulate in recovery-boiler flue gas","Fume is the fine sub-micron sodium-sulphate particulate that forms in the upper furnace of a recovery boiler. It deposits on superheater and economiser tubes and is captured by the ESP.",[165],{"title":166,"url":167},"Wikipedia — Recovery boiler","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRecovery_boiler","glossary\u002Ffume","dNlJgZitDweX0TZTVW1Gcq8M6jeWlrA6mb5RcNZmwJQ",[171,360,469,622],{"id":172,"title":129,"aliases":173,"body":177,"category":342,"description":343,"extension":153,"meta":344,"navigation":155,"path":128,"relatedTerms":345,"seo":350,"sources":353,"stem":358,"term":129,"__hash__":359},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Frecovery-boiler.md",[174,175,176],"kraft recovery boiler","black-liquor recovery boiler","BLRB",{"type":52,"value":178,"toc":336},[179,196,200,207,237,248,252,282,286,294,296],[55,180,181,182,185,186,189,190,192,193,195],{},"A ",[58,183,184],{},"recovery boiler"," (also ",[187,188,174],"em",{},", ",[187,191,175],{},", or ",[187,194,176],{},") is a unique industrial boiler at the centre of every kraft pulp mill. It burns concentrated black liquor — the spent cooking-chemicals stream — to generate steam, electrical power and to recover the sodium and sulphur compounds that re-enter the pulping cycle as smelt. Recovery boilers are large, complex, expensive and irreplaceable to mill operation.",[74,197,199],{"id":198},"the-iconic-sonic-horn-application","The iconic sonic-horn application",[55,201,202,203,206],{},"Recovery boilers are the iconic application for ",[63,204,205],{"href":115},"sonic horns",". Three features combine to make them so:",[82,208,209,220,231],{},[85,210,211,214,215,91,217,219],{},[58,212,213],{},"Sticky, alkali-rich ash"," — sodium-sulphate carry-over deposits aggressively on ",[63,216,159],{"href":89},[63,218,95],{"href":94}," tubes",[85,221,222,225,226,230],{},[58,223,224],{},"Long-run-time targets"," — mills target 12–18 months between ",[63,227,229],{"href":228},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fchill-and-blow","chill-and-blow"," wash cycles, and every extra week of run time is worth tens of thousands of dollars",[85,232,233,236],{},[58,234,235],{},"Deep cavities"," — the superheater bundles are tall and bafflingly inaccessible to short-throw cleaning",[55,238,239,240,242,243,247],{},"Both conventional ",[63,241,205],{"href":115}," at 60–125 Hz and ",[63,244,246],{"href":245},"\u002Fglossary\u002Finfrasonic-cleaner","infrasonic cleaners"," below 30 Hz are deployed on recovery boilers. Major OEM aftermarket teams (ANDRITZ, Valmet, Babcock & Wilcox Vølund) all integrate acoustic cleaning into their service portfolios.",[74,249,251],{"id":250},"other-applications-inside-the-recovery-island","Other applications inside the recovery island",[82,253,254,260,266,276],{},[85,255,256,259],{},[58,257,258],{},"ESP hoppers"," — sodium-rich fly-ash bridging",[85,261,262,265],{},[58,263,264],{},"Economiser pluggage"," — salt-cake build-up on tube bundles",[85,267,268,271,272],{},[58,269,270],{},"Lime kiln preheater"," — see ",[63,273,275],{"href":274},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flime-kiln","lime kiln",[85,277,278,281],{},[58,279,280],{},"Smelt dissolving tank"," vent stack — sodium-fume build-up",[74,283,285],{"id":284},"safety","Safety",[55,287,288,289,293],{},"Recovery-boiler operations are governed by ",[63,290,292],{"href":291},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fblrbac","BLRBAC"," Recommended Good Practices. Any cleaning intervention — including acoustic — is reviewed against BLRBAC water-side-incident and emergency-shutdown protocols.",[74,295,121],{"id":120},[82,297,298,304,309,313,317,322,326,331],{},[85,299,300],{},[63,301,303],{"href":302},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fboiler","Boiler",[85,305,306],{},[63,307,308],{"href":94},"Generating bank",[85,310,311],{},[63,312,90],{"href":89},[85,314,315],{},[63,316,102],{"href":101},[85,318,319],{},[63,320,321],{"href":228},"Chill-and-blow",[85,323,324],{},[63,325,292],{"href":291},[85,327,328],{},[63,329,330],{"href":115},"Sonic horn",[85,332,333],{},[63,334,335],{"href":245},"Infrasonic cleaner",{"title":145,"searchDepth":146,"depth":146,"links":337},[338,339,340,341],{"id":198,"depth":146,"text":199},{"id":250,"depth":146,"text":251},{"id":284,"depth":146,"text":285},{"id":120,"depth":146,"text":121},"boiler","A recovery boiler (also kraft recovery boiler, black-liquor recovery boiler, or BLRB) is a unique industrial boiler at the centre of every kraft pulp mill. It burns concentrated black liquor — the spent cooking-chemicals stream — to generate steam, electrical power and to recover the sodium and sulphur compounds that re-enter the pulping cycle as smelt. Recovery boilers are large, complex, expensive and irreplaceable to mill operation.",{},[342,95,159,346,229,347,348,349],"economiser","blrbac","sonic-horn","infrasonic-cleaner",{"title":351,"description":352},"Recovery boiler — kraft pulp mill steam-and-chemicals plant","A recovery boiler burns kraft black liquor to generate steam, electrical power and recovered pulping chemicals. Iconic application for sonic horns on superheater cleaning.",[354,355],{"title":166,"url":167},{"title":356,"url":357},"BLRBAC — Recovery Boilers in Service","https:\u002F\u002Fblrbac.net\u002Frecovery-boilers-in-service\u002F","glossary\u002Frecovery-boiler","mXzBGZ7hSMEgl58wabmRAArKMR06mHldZvB1HJLRt0g",{"id":361,"title":134,"aliases":362,"body":366,"category":151,"description":457,"extension":153,"meta":458,"navigation":155,"path":65,"relatedTerms":459,"seo":461,"sources":464,"stem":466,"term":467,"__hash__":468},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fcarry-over.md",[363,364,365],"smelt carry-over","recovery boiler carry-over","carryover",{"type":52,"value":367,"toc":452},[368,388,392,406,408,423,425],[55,369,370,372,373,377,378,380,381,189,383,91,385,387],{},[58,371,134],{}," is the entrained molten or partly-molten ",[63,374,376],{"href":375},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsmelt","smelt"," droplets and ash particles that are lifted from the ",[63,379,184],{"href":128}," furnace upward into the convective pass instead of falling to the boiler bottom. Carry-over is the dominant fouling agent on recovery-boiler ",[63,382,159],{"href":89},[63,384,95],{"href":94},[63,386,346],{"href":101}," tubes.",[74,389,391],{"id":390},"why-carry-over-is-so-problematic","Why carry-over is so problematic",[82,393,394,397,400,403],{},[85,395,396],{},"Particles arrive on the tubes still partly molten or sticky",[85,398,399],{},"They bond on contact, producing a deposit that resists steam sootblowing",[85,401,402],{},"The deposit composition (sodium sulphate + carbonate + sulphide) is alkali-rich and corrosive",[85,404,405],{},"Build-up accelerates if not actively dislodged early",[74,407,110],{"id":109},[55,409,410,91,412,414,415,419,420,422],{},[63,411,116],{"href":115},[63,413,246],{"href":245}," on recovery boilers target carry-over deposits before they consolidate. The combination of continuous acoustic action and periodic ",[63,416,418],{"href":417},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fik-long-retract-sootblower","IK retract sootblowing"," is what allows modern recovery boilers to extend run-time targets to 12–18 months between ",[63,421,229],{"href":228}," campaigns.",[74,424,121],{"id":120},[82,426,427,431,436,440,444,448],{},[85,428,429],{},[63,430,129],{"href":128},[85,432,433],{},[63,434,435],{"href":375},"Smelt",[85,437,438],{},[63,439,60],{"href":156},[85,441,442],{},[63,443,90],{"href":89},[85,445,446],{},[63,447,308],{"href":94},[85,449,450],{},[63,451,330],{"href":115},{"title":145,"searchDepth":146,"depth":146,"links":453},[454,455,456],{"id":390,"depth":146,"text":391},{"id":109,"depth":146,"text":110},{"id":120,"depth":146,"text":121},"Carry-over is the entrained molten or partly-molten smelt droplets and ash particles that are lifted from the recovery boiler furnace upward into the convective pass instead of falling to the boiler bottom. Carry-over is the dominant fouling agent on recovery-boiler superheater, generating-bank and economiser tubes.",{},[158,376,460,159,95,348],"fume",{"title":462,"description":463},"Carry-over — entrained molten droplets and ash in recovery-boiler flue gas","Carry-over is the entrained molten smelt droplets and ash particles carried upward in recovery-boiler flue gas. The dominant fouling agent on superheater and generating-bank tubes.",[465],{"title":166,"url":167},"glossary\u002Fcarry-over","Carry-over (recovery boiler)","HGISYtBxVcBiszlfm4GYrp6_pSkmnmus-MiXbmikXuM",{"id":470,"title":90,"aliases":471,"body":476,"category":342,"description":606,"extension":153,"meta":607,"navigation":155,"path":89,"relatedTerms":608,"seo":613,"sources":616,"stem":620,"term":90,"__hash__":621},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater.md",[472,473,474,475],"superheaters","primary superheater","secondary superheater","finishing superheater",{"type":52,"value":477,"toc":601},[478,488,492,531,533,543,565,568,570],[55,479,181,480,482,483,487],{},[58,481,159],{}," is a tube bank in a boiler's ",[63,484,486],{"href":485},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fconvective-pass-backpass","convective pass"," that raises the steam temperature beyond its saturation point using residual heat from the flue gas. Most utility boilers have at least two superheater stages: a primary superheater (cooler gas) and a secondary or finishing superheater (closest to the furnace, hottest gas).",[74,489,491],{"id":490},"fouling","Fouling",[82,493,494,508,514],{},[85,495,496,502,503,507],{},[58,497,498],{},[63,499,501],{"href":500},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fslagging","Slagging"," on the finishing superheater — semi-molten ash from the ",[63,504,506],{"href":505},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffurnace","furnace"," deposits on the hottest tubes",[85,509,510,513],{},[58,511,512],{},"Bonded ash"," on the primary superheater — drier deposits that sinter under sustained temperature",[85,515,516,519,520,189,524,91,527,530],{},[58,517,518],{},"Sodium \u002F potassium-rich deposits"," on ",[63,521,523],{"href":522},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","biomass",[63,525,526],{"href":522},"WtE",[63,528,529],{"href":128},"recovery boilers"," — sticky, low-melting, aggressive",[74,532,110],{"id":109},[55,534,535,536,91,540,542],{},"Steam ",[63,537,539],{"href":538},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsteam-sootblower","sootblowers",[63,541,205],{"href":115}," work together:",[82,544,545,548,556],{},[85,546,547],{},"Sootblowers attack hard slag on the finishing superheater",[85,549,550,551,555],{},"Sonic horns (",[63,552,554],{"href":553},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","60–125 Hz",") keep dry ash from consolidating on the primary superheater and convective superheater",[85,557,558,561,562,564],{},[63,559,560],{"href":245},"Infrasonic cleaners"," below 30 Hz are used on deep ",[63,563,158],{"href":128}," superheater cavities",[55,566,567],{},"The combination extends the interval between major water-washes and reduces steam-attemperation requirements that mask deteriorating heat transfer.",[74,569,121],{"id":120},[82,571,572,576,581,587,591,595],{},[85,573,574],{},[63,575,303],{"href":302},[85,577,578],{},[63,579,580],{"href":485},"Convective pass \u002F backpass",[85,582,583],{},[63,584,586],{"href":585},"\u002Fglossary\u002Freheater","Reheater",[85,588,589],{},[63,590,501],{"href":500},[85,592,593],{},[63,594,330],{"href":115},[85,596,597],{},[63,598,600],{"href":599},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-sootblower","Sonic sootblower",{"title":145,"searchDepth":146,"depth":146,"links":602},[603,604,605],{"id":490,"depth":146,"text":491},{"id":109,"depth":146,"text":110},{"id":120,"depth":146,"text":121},"A superheater is a tube bank in a boiler's convective pass that raises the steam temperature beyond its saturation point using residual heat from the flue gas. Most utility boilers have at least two superheater stages: a primary superheater (cooler gas) and a secondary or finishing superheater (closest to the furnace, hottest gas).",{},[342,609,610,611,348,612],"convective-pass-backpass","reheater","slagging","sonic-sootblower",{"title":614,"description":615},"Superheater — boiler tube bank that raises steam temperature beyond saturation","A superheater is a tube bank that raises steam temperature beyond the saturation point using flue-gas heat. Sticky alkali ash and slag deposits are the dominant fouling concerns.",[617],{"title":618,"url":619},"Wikipedia — Superheater","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSuperheater","glossary\u002Fsuperheater","hYVXyyVmlWCU3AXfAl0l3YAhHpWty_akkDsBJGC_NDs",{"id":623,"title":624,"aliases":625,"body":628,"category":775,"description":776,"extension":153,"meta":777,"navigation":155,"path":70,"relatedTerms":778,"seo":785,"sources":788,"stem":798,"term":143,"__hash__":799},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator.md","Electrostatic precipitator (ESP)",[71,626,627],"electrostatic precipitators","dry ESP",{"type":52,"value":629,"toc":769},[630,644,648,666,670,705,709,741,743],[55,631,632,633,636,637,640,641,643],{},"An ",[58,634,635],{},"electrostatic precipitator (ESP)"," is an air-pollution-control device that removes particulate matter from a flue-gas stream by electrostatically charging dust particles and collecting them on grounded plate electrodes. ESPs are the dominant particulate-control technology on coal-fired boilers, cement kilns, ",[63,638,639],{"href":522},"waste-to-energy"," plants, ",[63,642,523],{"href":522}," plants, sinter strands and many other heavy-industry off-gas streams.",[74,645,647],{"id":646},"how-an-esp-works","How an ESP works",[55,649,650,651,655,656,660,661,665],{},"Flue gas flows horizontally between a parallel array of vertical ",[63,652,654],{"href":653},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcollecting-electrode","collecting electrodes"," (plates) and ",[63,657,659],{"href":658},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdischarge-electrode","discharge electrodes"," (high-voltage wires or rigid spikes). A negative DC potential of 40–80 kV applied to the discharge electrodes generates a ",[63,662,664],{"href":663},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcorona-discharge","corona discharge"," that ionises the gas. Charged dust particles drift to the collecting plates, accumulate as a dust layer, are rapped down into hoppers below and removed by ash-handling equipment.",[74,667,669],{"id":668},"where-sonic-horns-fit","Where sonic horns fit",[55,671,672,673,677,678,680,681,685,686,690,691,695,696,700,701,72],{},"ESPs accumulate dust faster than mechanical rapping can release it, and hoppers below ESP fields routinely ",[63,674,676],{"href":675},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbridging","bridge"," and choke. ",[63,679,116],{"href":115}," installed on the ESP ",[63,682,684],{"href":683},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-penthouse","penthouse"," and on hopper walls keep dust dislodged, supplement ",[63,687,689],{"href":688},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-rapper","rappers",", prevent ",[63,692,694],{"href":693},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fback-corona","back-corona"," by limiting plate dust thickness, and eliminate hopper ",[63,697,699],{"href":698},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frat-holing","rat-holing"," without the structural fatigue of ",[63,702,704],{"href":703},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ftumbling-hammer-rapper","tumbling-hammer rappers",[74,706,708],{"id":707},"common-failure-modes","Common failure modes",[82,710,711,717,723,729,735],{},[85,712,713,716],{},[58,714,715],{},"High opacity \u002F particulate emissions"," from thick dust layers reducing collection efficiency",[85,718,719,722],{},[58,720,721],{},"Back-corona"," in high-resistivity ash that reverses ionisation and collapses collection",[85,724,725,728],{},[58,726,727],{},"Re-entrainment"," as rapper puffs return dust to the gas stream",[85,730,731,734],{},[58,732,733],{},"Hopper bridging"," that stops ash extraction and triggers field shutdowns",[85,736,737,740],{},[58,738,739],{},"Discharge-electrode breakage"," from rapper fatigue or sparking",[74,742,121],{"id":120},[82,744,745,750,755,759,765],{},[85,746,747],{},[63,748,749],{"href":653},"Collecting electrode",[85,751,752],{},[63,753,754],{"href":658},"Discharge electrode",[85,756,757],{},[63,758,721],{"href":693},[85,760,761],{},[63,762,764],{"href":763},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-hopper","ESP hopper",[85,766,767],{},[63,768,330],{"href":115},{"title":145,"searchDepth":146,"depth":146,"links":770},[771,772,773,774],{"id":646,"depth":146,"text":647},{"id":668,"depth":146,"text":669},{"id":707,"depth":146,"text":708},{"id":120,"depth":146,"text":121},"esp","An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is an air-pollution-control device that removes particulate matter from a flue-gas stream by electrostatically charging dust particles and collecting them on grounded plate electrodes. ESPs are the dominant particulate-control technology on coal-fired boilers, cement kilns, waste-to-energy plants, biomass plants, sinter strands and many other heavy-industry off-gas streams.",{},[779,780,781,782,783,784,694,348],"wet-esp","collecting-electrode","discharge-electrode","corona-discharge","esp-hopper","esp-rapper",{"title":786,"description":787},"Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) — how it works and how it fouls","An ESP removes particulate from flue gas by charging dust and collecting it on plate electrodes. Sonic horns are widely used to dislodge ash from plates and to keep hoppers from bridging.",[789,792,795],{"title":790,"url":791},"Wikipedia — Electrostatic precipitator","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FElectrostatic_precipitator",{"title":793,"url":794},"EPA — Monitoring Knowledge Base: Electrostatic Precipitators","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epa.gov\u002Fair-emissions-monitoring-knowledge-base\u002Fmonitoring-control-technique-electrostatic-precipitators",{"title":796,"url":797},"Babcock & Wilcox — Basics of ESP Operation","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.babcock.com\u002Fhome\u002Fabout\u002Fresources\u002Flearning-center\u002Fbasic-esp-operation","glossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","hT_C4hmid3iZaYWhLpiSJ2tBfL0bSJ-uhzn7TY4Vtj4",1782613748830]