[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":549},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:coking":45,"glossary-related:coking":164},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":51,"category":145,"description":146,"extension":147,"meta":148,"navigation":149,"path":150,"relatedTerms":151,"seo":154,"sources":157,"stem":161,"term":162,"__hash__":163},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fcoking.md","Coking",[49,50],"coke deposition","cracking-furnace coking",{"type":52,"value":53,"toc":138},"minimark",[54,61,66,90,94,107,115,119],[55,56,57,60],"p",{},[58,59,47],"strong",{}," in refining and petrochemicals is the formation of hard carbonaceous deposits on hot process surfaces — typically inside ethylene-cracker furnace tubes, delayed-coker drums, and the radiant tubes of fired heaters. Coke forms by thermal cracking of hydrocarbons in stagnant or low-velocity zones, accumulating until a planned decoking outage removes it.",[62,63,65],"h2",{"id":64},"where-it-dominates","Where it dominates",[67,68,69,73,76,79,82],"ul",{},[70,71,72],"li",{},"Ethylene-cracker furnace radiant tubes",[70,74,75],{},"Visbreaker furnaces",[70,77,78],{},"Delayed-coker process drums",[70,80,81],{},"Some refinery heater tubes",[70,83,84,89],{},[85,86,88],"a",{"href":87},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffluid-catalytic-cracking","FCC"," catalyst (different mechanism — burned off in the regenerator)",[62,91,93],{"id":92},"cleaning","Cleaning",[55,95,96,97,101,102,106],{},"Coke is hard, bonded, and refractory — far beyond what ",[85,98,100],{"href":99},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","sonic horns"," can address. Standard cleaning is by ",[103,104,105],"em",{},"decoking",": a campaign in which the heater is run with a steam-air mixture at elevated temperature, oxidising the deposit out of the tubes. Manual mechanical pigging is sometimes used on selected sections.",[55,108,109,110,114],{},"Acoustic cleaning is not a primary tool against coking, but downstream particulate-handling equipment (decoking-effluent dust collection, ",[85,111,113],{"href":112},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fclaus-unit-sulphur-recovery-unit","SRU"," adjacency) can benefit from sonic-horn coverage.",[62,116,118],{"id":117},"related-terms","Related terms",[67,120,121,126,132],{},[70,122,123],{},[85,124,125],{"href":87},"Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC)",[70,127,128],{},[85,129,131],{"href":130},"\u002Fglossary\u002Freformer-furnace","Reformer furnace",[70,133,134],{},[85,135,137],{"href":136},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffouling","Fouling",{"title":139,"searchDepth":140,"depth":140,"links":141},"",2,[142,143,144],{"id":64,"depth":140,"text":65},{"id":92,"depth":140,"text":93},{"id":117,"depth":140,"text":118},"fouling","Coking in refining and petrochemicals is the formation of hard carbonaceous deposits on hot process surfaces — typically inside ethylene-cracker furnace tubes, delayed-coker drums, and the radiant tubes of fired heaters. Coke forms by thermal cracking of hydrocarbons in stagnant or low-velocity zones, accumulating until a planned decoking outage removes it.","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcoking",[152,153,145],"fluid-catalytic-cracking","reformer-furnace",{"title":155,"description":156},"Coking — carbonaceous deposit on refining and petrochemical hot surfaces","Coking is the formation of hard carbonaceous deposits on hot process surfaces, typically inside ethylene crackers, delayed cokers and refining heaters. Removed by decoking campaigns.",[158],{"title":159,"url":160},"Wikipedia — Coking","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCoking","glossary\u002Fcoking","Coking (process fouling)","YNgADF1QSopBqRugwNPIPIssGOa4lrCrnxZ70BvpBmg",[165,282,370],{"id":166,"title":125,"aliases":167,"body":170,"category":264,"description":265,"extension":147,"meta":266,"navigation":149,"path":87,"relatedTerms":267,"seo":272,"sources":275,"stem":279,"term":280,"__hash__":281},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Ffluid-catalytic-cracking.md",[88,168,169],"fluid catalytic cracker","cat cracker",{"type":52,"value":171,"toc":259},[172,182,186,224,228,235,237],[55,173,174,176,177,181],{},[58,175,125],{}," is the central process of a fuels refinery, cracking heavy hydrocarbons (vacuum gas oil, residue) into lighter products — primarily gasoline, with valuable C₃–C₄ olefin streams as co-products. The reaction takes place at ~520 °C over a fluidised bed of zeolite catalyst circulated between a riser-reactor and a ",[85,178,180],{"href":179},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffcc-regenerator","regenerator",".",[62,183,185],{"id":184},"cleaning-targets-in-the-fcc-complex","Cleaning targets in the FCC complex",[67,187,188,194,203,212,218],{},[70,189,190,193],{},[58,191,192],{},"Riser-reactor cyclones"," — separate spent catalyst from hydrocarbon vapour",[70,195,196,202],{},[58,197,198,201],{},[85,199,200],{"href":179},"Regenerator"," primary and secondary cyclones"," — separate regenerated catalyst from flue gas",[70,204,205,211],{},[58,206,207],{},[85,208,210],{"href":209},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fthird-stage-separator","Third-stage separator (TSS)"," — recovers catalyst fines from flue gas",[70,213,214,217],{},[58,215,216],{},"CO boiler"," — burns regenerator flue-gas CO for energy recovery",[70,219,220,223],{},[58,221,222],{},"Catalyst fines hopper"," — fine catalyst recovered from the gas-cleaning train",[62,225,227],{"id":226},"sonic-horn-fit","Sonic-horn fit",[55,229,230,231,234],{},"Refinery FCC units are demanding applications: high temperature, abrasive catalyst, continuous 24\u002F7 operation, very high economic stakes per outage hour. ",[85,232,233],{"href":99},"Sonic horns"," on the third-stage separator and on catalyst-fines hoppers help maintain flue-gas-cleaning efficiency and avoid the unplanned slowdowns associated with hopper bridging.",[62,236,118],{"id":117},[67,238,239,244,248,254],{},[70,240,241],{},[85,242,243],{"href":179},"FCC regenerator",[70,245,246],{},[85,247,210],{"href":209},[70,249,250],{},[85,251,253],{"href":252},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcyclone-separator","Cyclone separator",[70,255,256],{},[85,257,258],{"href":99},"Sonic horn",{"title":139,"searchDepth":140,"depth":140,"links":260},[261,262,263],{"id":184,"depth":140,"text":185},{"id":226,"depth":140,"text":227},{"id":117,"depth":140,"text":118},"steel-refining","Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the central process of a fuels refinery, cracking heavy hydrocarbons (vacuum gas oil, residue) into lighter products — primarily gasoline, with valuable C₃–C₄ olefin streams as co-products. The reaction takes place at ~520 °C over a fluidised bed of zeolite catalyst circulated between a riser-reactor and a regenerator.",{},[268,269,270,271],"fcc-regenerator","third-stage-separator","cyclone-separator","sonic-horn",{"title":273,"description":274},"Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) — heart of the refinery, cracking heavy hydrocarbons","Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) cracks heavy hydrocarbons into gasoline and lighter products over a fluidised catalyst bed. The associated regenerator and separators benefit from sonic-horn cleaning.",[276],{"title":277,"url":278},"Wikipedia — Fluid catalytic cracking","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFluid_catalytic_cracking","glossary\u002Ffluid-catalytic-cracking","Fluid catalytic cracking","diPDdTnBdIwbDyqAnpcyroreLKX4t7Klq-iKud3gfHU",{"id":283,"title":131,"aliases":284,"body":288,"category":264,"description":355,"extension":147,"meta":356,"navigation":149,"path":130,"relatedTerms":357,"seo":361,"sources":364,"stem":368,"term":131,"__hash__":369},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Freformer-furnace.md",[285,286,287],"steam methane reformer","SMR","primary reformer",{"type":52,"value":289,"toc":350},[290,301,305,308,324,326,331,333],[55,291,292,293,296,297,300],{},"A ",[58,294,295],{},"reformer furnace"," — almost always a ",[58,298,299],{},"steam methane reformer (SMR)"," in modern refineries and ammonia plants — produces hydrogen by reacting natural gas with steam at ~850 °C over a nickel catalyst inside vertical tubes. The radiant box delivers the reaction heat from burner walls; flue gas leaves to a convection section recovering remaining heat into process steam and feed preheat.",[62,302,304],{"id":303},"fouling-in-the-convection-bank","Fouling in the convection bank",[55,306,307],{},"The SMR convection bank is particularly fouling-prone because:",[67,309,310,318,321],{},[70,311,312,313,317],{},"High-temperature flue-gas surfaces sit above the ",[85,314,316],{"href":315},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fammonium-bisulphate","ammonium bisulphate"," dew point but cool sufficiently below it on the cold-end",[70,319,320],{},"SO₃ from any sulphur leaving the desulphurisers reacts with ammonia slip from upstream SCR (if installed) to form ABS",[70,322,323],{},"Deposits consolidate on finned-tube banks reducing heat recovery",[62,325,93],{"id":92},[55,327,328,330],{},[85,329,233],{"href":99}," on the SMR convection-bank cold end keep ABS deposits from consolidating. Hydrogen-plant reliability is critical to refinery operation (any unit upstream that needs hydrogen will derate without it), so the value of avoided outages is high.",[62,332,118],{"id":117},[67,334,335,341,346],{},[70,336,337],{},[85,338,340],{"href":339},"\u002Fglossary\u002Feconomiser","Economiser",[70,342,343],{},[85,344,345],{"href":315},"Ammonium bisulphate",[70,347,348],{},[85,349,258],{"href":99},{"title":139,"searchDepth":140,"depth":140,"links":351},[352,353,354],{"id":303,"depth":140,"text":304},{"id":92,"depth":140,"text":93},{"id":117,"depth":140,"text":118},"A reformer furnace — almost always a steam methane reformer (SMR) in modern refineries and ammonia plants — produces hydrogen by reacting natural gas with steam at ~850 °C over a nickel catalyst inside vertical tubes. The radiant box delivers the reaction heat from burner walls; flue gas leaves to a convection section recovering remaining heat into process steam and feed preheat.",{},[358,359,360,271],"economiser","ammonium-bisulphate","hydrogen-plant",{"title":362,"description":363},"Reformer furnace — steam methane reformer for hydrogen production","A reformer furnace produces hydrogen by reacting natural gas with steam over a nickel catalyst at high temperature. Convection-section ammonium-salt fouling is the principal cleaning concern.",[365],{"title":366,"url":367},"Wikipedia — Steam reforming","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSteam_reforming","glossary\u002Freformer-furnace","Lxt5d6xig_Gcj6inJUsRbXzUeJU_H8nrT3ouWJGaJcc",{"id":371,"title":137,"aliases":372,"body":375,"category":145,"description":534,"extension":147,"meta":535,"navigation":149,"path":136,"relatedTerms":536,"seo":539,"sources":542,"stem":546,"term":547,"__hash__":548},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Ffouling.md",[373,374],"process fouling","heat-transfer fouling",{"type":52,"value":376,"toc":529},[377,439,443,481,485,495,497],[55,378,379,381,382,386,387,386,391,386,395,386,399,386,403,386,407,386,411,415,416,386,420,386,424,386,427,386,431,386,435,438],{},[58,380,137],{}," is the accumulation of unwanted deposits on the surfaces of process equipment. It is the universal phenomenon that connects every application Sylio addresses: ",[85,383,385],{"href":384},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fboiler","boilers",", ",[85,388,390],{"href":389},"\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","ESPs",[85,392,394],{"href":393},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbaghouse","baghouses",[85,396,398],{"href":397},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fselective-catalytic-reduction","SCR catalysts",[85,400,402],{"href":401},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhopper","hoppers and silos",[85,404,406],{"href":405},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fheat-recovery-steam-generator","HRSGs",[85,408,410],{"href":409},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpreheater-tower","cement preheaters",[85,412,414],{"href":413},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frecovery-boiler","recovery boilers",". Different industries use different specific names for the resulting deposits — ",[85,417,419],{"href":418},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fslagging","slagging",[85,421,423],{"href":422},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fscaling","scaling",[85,425,426],{"href":150},"coking",[85,428,430],{"href":429},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbridging","bridging",[85,432,434],{"href":433},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbuild-up-coating-accretion","coating",[85,436,437],{"href":433},"build-up"," — but fouling is the umbrella that connects them.",[62,440,442],{"id":441},"consequences-of-fouling","Consequences of fouling",[67,444,445,451,457,463,469,475],{},[70,446,447,450],{},[58,448,449],{},"Heat-transfer loss"," — reducing thermal efficiency and raising fuel cost",[70,452,453,456],{},[58,454,455],{},"Pressure-drop rise"," — derating fans and raising power consumption",[70,458,459,462],{},[58,460,461],{},"Flow blockage"," — interrupting material flow in storage and process vessels",[70,464,465,468],{},[58,466,467],{},"Tube corrosion"," — beneath the deposit, accelerated by local chemistry",[70,470,471,474],{},[58,472,473],{},"Forced outages"," — when fouling becomes severe enough to force a shutdown",[70,476,477,480],{},[58,478,479],{},"Emission excursions"," — when air-pollution-control equipment loses effectiveness",[62,482,484],{"id":483},"mitigation-philosophy","Mitigation philosophy",[55,486,487,488,491,492,494],{},"The Sylio philosophy is ",[103,489,490],{},"prevention over remediation",". Continuous low-amplitude ",[85,493,271],{"href":99}," cleaning keeps deposits from consolidating into the bonded layers that demand intensive periodic cleaning. The economic case is clear: every avoided forced outage typically justifies the entire acoustic-cleaning installation.",[62,496,118],{"id":117},[67,498,499,504,509,513,519,525],{},[70,500,501],{},[85,502,503],{"href":418},"Slagging",[70,505,506],{},[85,507,508],{"href":422},"Scaling",[70,510,511],{},[85,512,47],{"href":150},[70,514,515],{},[85,516,518],{"href":517},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsintering-deposit","Sintering (deposit)",[70,520,521],{},[85,522,524],{"href":523},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fheat-transfer-surface-fouling","Heat-transfer surface fouling",[70,526,527],{},[85,528,258],{"href":99},{"title":139,"searchDepth":140,"depth":140,"links":530},[531,532,533],{"id":441,"depth":140,"text":442},{"id":483,"depth":140,"text":484},{"id":117,"depth":140,"text":118},"Fouling is the accumulation of unwanted deposits on the surfaces of process equipment. It is the universal phenomenon that connects every application Sylio addresses: boilers, ESPs, baghouses, SCR catalysts, hoppers and silos, HRSGs, cement preheaters, recovery boilers. Different industries use different specific names for the resulting deposits — slagging, scaling, coking, bridging, coating, build-up — but fouling is the umbrella that connects them.",{},[419,423,426,537,538,271],"sintering-deposit","heat-transfer-surface-fouling",{"title":540,"description":541},"Fouling — accumulation of unwanted deposits on process equipment surfaces","Fouling is the accumulation of unwanted deposits on process-equipment surfaces. The general umbrella term covering slagging, scaling, coking, sintering and many other specific mechanisms.",[543],{"title":544,"url":545},"Wikipedia — Fouling","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFouling","glossary\u002Ffouling","Fouling (general)","vsFkT5ifjz3ggye30lYBeL42wZVcgPLYcyF9bwo9YnA",1782613738598]