[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":602},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:claus-unit-sulphur-recovery-unit":45,"glossary-related:claus-unit-sulphur-recovery-unit":161},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":53,"category":141,"description":142,"extension":143,"meta":144,"navigation":145,"path":146,"relatedTerms":147,"seo":151,"sources":154,"stem":158,"term":159,"__hash__":160},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fclaus-unit-sulphur-recovery-unit.md","Claus unit \u002F sulphur recovery unit (SRU)",[49,50,51,52],"SRU","Claus unit","Claus process","sulphur recovery",{"type":54,"value":55,"toc":134},"minimark",[56,68,73,95,99,112,116],[57,58,59,60,63,64,67],"p",{},"A ",[61,62,50],"strong",{}," — also called a ",[61,65,66],{},"sulphur recovery unit (SRU)"," — recovers elemental sulphur from H₂S-bearing acid gas in a refinery or gas-processing plant. The Claus process partially combusts H₂S to SO₂, then catalytically reacts the remainder of the H₂S with SO₂ to form liquid sulphur in two or three downstream converter stages.",[69,70,72],"h2",{"id":71},"cleaning-targets","Cleaning targets",[74,75,76,83,89],"ul",{},[77,78,79,82],"li",{},[61,80,81],{},"Waste-heat boiler (WHB)"," downstream of the Claus reaction furnace — high-temperature economiser surfaces foul with ammonium-salt and sulphur deposits",[77,84,85,88],{},[61,86,87],{},"Sulphur condenser tubes"," — periodic external cleaning during outages",[77,90,91,94],{},[61,92,93],{},"Acid-gas line dust traps"," — particulate from upstream",[69,96,98],{"id":97},"sonic-horn-duty","Sonic-horn duty",[57,100,101,106,107,111],{},[102,103,105],"a",{"href":104},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","Sonic horns"," on the SRU ",[102,108,110],{"href":109},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-heat-boiler","waste-heat boiler"," economiser keep ammonium-salt and sulphur deposits from consolidating between scheduled maintenance windows. The high-value, continuous-operation nature of SRUs makes the avoidance of unplanned shutdowns particularly valuable.",[69,113,115],{"id":114},"related-terms","Related terms",[74,117,118,124,129],{},[77,119,120],{},[102,121,123],{"href":122},"\u002Fglossary\u002Freformer-furnace","Reformer furnace",[77,125,126],{},[102,127,128],{"href":109},"Waste-heat boiler",[77,130,131],{},[102,132,133],{"href":104},"Sonic horn",{"title":135,"searchDepth":136,"depth":136,"links":137},"",2,[138,139,140],{"id":71,"depth":136,"text":72},{"id":97,"depth":136,"text":98},{"id":114,"depth":136,"text":115},"steel-refining","A Claus unit — also called a sulphur recovery unit (SRU) — recovers elemental sulphur from H₂S-bearing acid gas in a refinery or gas-processing plant. The Claus process partially combusts H₂S to SO₂, then catalytically reacts the remainder of the H₂S with SO₂ to form liquid sulphur in two or three downstream converter stages.","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Fclaus-unit-sulphur-recovery-unit",[148,149,150],"reformer-furnace","waste-heat-boiler","sonic-horn",{"title":152,"description":153},"Claus unit \u002F sulphur recovery unit (SRU) — refinery sulphur recovery from acid gas","A Claus \u002F SRU unit recovers elemental sulphur from H2S-bearing refinery acid gas through partial combustion and catalytic conversion. WHB economiser fouling is the principal cleaning issue.",[155],{"title":156,"url":157},"Wikipedia — Claus process","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FClaus_process","glossary\u002Fclaus-unit-sulphur-recovery-unit","Claus unit and sulphur recovery unit","os2Fl8HbzDMtKV4zSS5J1E4xXbAACsWWNd6hglhrROk",[162,251,359],{"id":163,"title":123,"aliases":164,"body":168,"category":141,"description":236,"extension":143,"meta":237,"navigation":145,"path":122,"relatedTerms":238,"seo":242,"sources":245,"stem":249,"term":123,"__hash__":250},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Freformer-furnace.md",[165,166,167],"steam methane reformer","SMR","primary reformer",{"type":54,"value":169,"toc":231},[170,180,184,187,203,207,212,214],[57,171,59,172,175,176,179],{},[61,173,174],{},"reformer furnace"," — almost always a ",[61,177,178],{},"steam methane reformer (SMR)"," in modern refineries and ammonia plants — produces hydrogen by reacting natural gas with steam at ~850 °C over a nickel catalyst inside vertical tubes. The radiant box delivers the reaction heat from burner walls; flue gas leaves to a convection section recovering remaining heat into process steam and feed preheat.",[69,181,183],{"id":182},"fouling-in-the-convection-bank","Fouling in the convection bank",[57,185,186],{},"The SMR convection bank is particularly fouling-prone because:",[74,188,189,197,200],{},[77,190,191,192,196],{},"High-temperature flue-gas surfaces sit above the ",[102,193,195],{"href":194},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fammonium-bisulphate","ammonium bisulphate"," dew point but cool sufficiently below it on the cold-end",[77,198,199],{},"SO₃ from any sulphur leaving the desulphurisers reacts with ammonia slip from upstream SCR (if installed) to form ABS",[77,201,202],{},"Deposits consolidate on finned-tube banks reducing heat recovery",[69,204,206],{"id":205},"cleaning","Cleaning",[57,208,209,211],{},[102,210,105],{"href":104}," on the SMR convection-bank cold end keep ABS deposits from consolidating. Hydrogen-plant reliability is critical to refinery operation (any unit upstream that needs hydrogen will derate without it), so the value of avoided outages is high.",[69,213,115],{"id":114},[74,215,216,222,227],{},[77,217,218],{},[102,219,221],{"href":220},"\u002Fglossary\u002Feconomiser","Economiser",[77,223,224],{},[102,225,226],{"href":194},"Ammonium bisulphate",[77,228,229],{},[102,230,133],{"href":104},{"title":135,"searchDepth":136,"depth":136,"links":232},[233,234,235],{"id":182,"depth":136,"text":183},{"id":205,"depth":136,"text":206},{"id":114,"depth":136,"text":115},"A reformer furnace — almost always a steam methane reformer (SMR) in modern refineries and ammonia plants — produces hydrogen by reacting natural gas with steam at ~850 °C over a nickel catalyst inside vertical tubes. The radiant box delivers the reaction heat from burner walls; flue gas leaves to a convection section recovering remaining heat into process steam and feed preheat.",{},[239,240,241,150],"economiser","ammonium-bisulphate","hydrogen-plant",{"title":243,"description":244},"Reformer furnace — steam methane reformer for hydrogen production","A reformer furnace produces hydrogen by reacting natural gas with steam over a nickel catalyst at high temperature. Convection-section ammonium-salt fouling is the principal cleaning concern.",[246],{"title":247,"url":248},"Wikipedia — Steam reforming","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSteam_reforming","glossary\u002Freformer-furnace","Lxt5d6xig_Gcj6inJUsRbXzUeJU_H8nrT3ouWJGaJcc",{"id":252,"title":81,"aliases":253,"body":257,"category":141,"description":345,"extension":143,"meta":346,"navigation":145,"path":109,"relatedTerms":347,"seo":350,"sources":353,"stem":357,"term":128,"__hash__":358},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-heat-boiler.md",[254,255,256],"WHB","waste heat boiler","process waste-heat boiler",{"type":54,"value":258,"toc":340},[259,279,283,286,312,314,319,321],[57,260,59,261,264,265,268,269,273,274,278],{},[61,262,263],{},"waste-heat boiler (WHB)"," is a tube-bundle steam generator that recovers heat from a process gas stream — typically ",[102,266,267],{"href":146},"Claus SRU"," exhaust, sulphuric-acid plant SO₃ converter outlet, ",[102,270,272],{"href":271},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbasic-oxygen-furnace","BOF"," off-gas, or similar process-side energy source — to generate steam for site use. Distinct from a ",[102,275,277],{"href":276},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fheat-recovery-steam-generator","heat-recovery steam generator (HRSG)",", which serves gas-turbine exhaust.",[69,280,282],{"id":281},"fouling-characteristics","Fouling characteristics",[57,284,285],{},"The fouling pattern depends on the source process:",[74,287,288,294,300,306],{},[77,289,290,293],{},[61,291,292],{},"Claus SRU WHB"," — sulphur and ammonium-salt deposits on the tube sheet and economiser",[77,295,296,299],{},[61,297,298],{},"Sulphuric-acid plant WHB"," — sulphate and sulphuric-acid mist below the dew point",[77,301,302,305],{},[61,303,304],{},"BOF WHB"," — fine iron-oxide dust",[77,307,308,311],{},[61,309,310],{},"Metallurgical off-gas WHB"," — variable, depends on metal being processed",[69,313,98],{"id":97},[57,315,316,318],{},[102,317,105],{"href":104}," on WHB economiser sections and downstream dust hoppers are common where the process side produces particulate-laden gas. Particularly valuable on SRU WHBs where ammonium-salt deposits consolidate quickly and resist conventional cleaning.",[69,320,115],{"id":114},[74,322,323,327,332,336],{},[77,324,325],{},[102,326,47],{"href":146},[77,328,329],{},[102,330,331],{"href":276},"Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)",[77,333,334],{},[102,335,221],{"href":220},[77,337,338],{},[102,339,133],{"href":104},{"title":135,"searchDepth":136,"depth":136,"links":341},[342,343,344],{"id":281,"depth":136,"text":282},{"id":97,"depth":136,"text":98},{"id":114,"depth":136,"text":115},"A waste-heat boiler (WHB) is a tube-bundle steam generator that recovers heat from a process gas stream — typically Claus SRU exhaust, sulphuric-acid plant SO₃ converter outlet, BOF off-gas, or similar process-side energy source — to generate steam for site use. Distinct from a heat-recovery steam generator (HRSG), which serves gas-turbine exhaust.",{},[348,349,239,150],"claus-unit-sulphur-recovery-unit","heat-recovery-steam-generator",{"title":351,"description":352},"Waste-heat boiler (WHB) — process-heat recovery in refineries and metallurgical plants","A waste-heat boiler recovers heat from a process gas stream — Claus SRU exhaust, BOF off-gas, sulphuric-acid converter — to generate steam. Fouling pattern depends on the source process.",[354],{"title":355,"url":356},"Wikipedia — Waste heat recovery unit","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWaste_heat_recovery_unit","glossary\u002Fwaste-heat-boiler","2pH20pGkFtuT91_SNpSAZ1k0VF0Mswz7Q8G-CfLNgFQ",{"id":360,"title":133,"aliases":361,"body":365,"category":577,"description":578,"extension":143,"meta":579,"navigation":145,"path":104,"relatedTerms":580,"seo":587,"sources":590,"stem":600,"term":133,"__hash__":601},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn.md",[362,363,364],"sonic horns","sonic cleaning horn","industrial sonic horn",{"type":54,"value":366,"toc":570},[367,401,405,413,417,485,489,526,530,538,540],[57,368,59,369,372,373,377,378,382,383,382,387,382,391,395,396,400],{},[61,370,371],{},"sonic horn"," is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of ",[102,374,376],{"href":375},"\u002Fglossary\u002Facoustic-cleaner","acoustic cleaner"," and the default specification for cleaning ",[102,379,381],{"href":380},"\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","ESPs",", ",[102,384,386],{"href":385},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffabric-filter","baghouses",[102,388,390],{"href":389},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fselective-catalytic-reduction","SCR catalysts",[102,392,394],{"href":393},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater","boiler heat-transfer surfaces"," and ",[102,397,399],{"href":398},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhopper","hoppers and silos",".",[69,402,404],{"id":403},"how-a-sonic-horn-works","How a sonic horn works",[57,406,407,408,412],{},"Compressed plant air admitted through a ",[102,409,411],{"href":410},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsolenoid-valve","solenoid valve"," drives a metal diaphragm — typically titanium or 316 stainless — into resonant oscillation at the horn's fundamental frequency. The oscillating pressure field is amplified by an exponential bell horn and projected into the vessel as a near-spherical sound wave. Particulate already deposited on internal surfaces receives an oscillating acceleration that overcomes adhesion; loosened material is then carried out with the gas flow before it can sinter, bridge or bond. Because the cleaning is acoustic and non-contact, the horn can fire while the plant is online without tube erosion, refractory damage or thermal shock.",[69,414,416],{"id":415},"key-parameters","Key parameters",[418,419,420,433],"table",{},[421,422,423],"thead",{},[424,425,426,430],"tr",{},[427,428,429],"th",{},"Parameter",[427,431,432],{},"Typical range",[434,435,436,445,453,461,469,477],"tbody",{},[424,437,438,442],{},[439,440,441],"td",{},"Fundamental frequency",[439,443,444],{},"60–400 Hz",[424,446,447,450],{},[439,448,449],{},"Sound pressure level",[439,451,452],{},"140–180 dB",[424,454,455,458],{},[439,456,457],{},"Compressed-air consumption",[439,459,460],{},"8–14 Nm³\u002Fmin at 4–7 bar",[424,462,463,466],{},[439,464,465],{},"Operating temperature (with appropriate materials)",[439,467,468],{},"−40 °C to +500 °C",[424,470,471,474],{},[439,472,473],{},"Firing cycle",[439,475,476],{},"5–15 s burst, repeated every 3–15 minutes",[424,478,479,482],{},[439,480,481],{},"Mass",[439,483,484],{},"15–60 kg depending on horn size",[69,486,488],{"id":487},"frequency-selection","Frequency selection",[57,490,491,492,382,496,500,501,382,505,509,510,382,513,517,518,395,522,400],{},"Lower frequencies (60–125 Hz) project longer wavelengths and penetrate further into large open vessels — ",[102,493,495],{"href":494},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpreheater-cyclone","preheater cyclones",[102,497,499],{"href":498},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frecovery-boiler","recovery-boiler superheaters",", large ",[102,502,504],{"href":503},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-field-bus-section","ESP fields",[102,506,508],{"href":507},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsilo","silos",". Higher frequencies (230–400 Hz) carry more energy per unit volume and suit finer dust loads in ",[102,511,512],{"href":385},"fabric-filter compartments",[102,514,516],{"href":515},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhoneycomb-catalyst","catalyst layers"," and smaller hopper geometries. See ",[102,519,521],{"href":520},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","low-frequency acoustic cleaner",[102,523,525],{"href":524},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhigh-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","high-frequency acoustic cleaner",[69,527,529],{"id":528},"sonic-horn-vs-steam-sootblower","Sonic horn vs steam sootblower",[57,531,532,533,537],{},"Sonic horns are increasingly specified alongside or in place of ",[102,534,536],{"href":535},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsteam-sootblower","steam sootblowers"," because they consume no boiler-grade steam, cause no tube erosion, require almost no moving parts and can fire every few minutes without operator intervention. They are less effective on hard, fused slag than retractable steam lances, so on furnace waterwalls and high-temperature superheaters they typically complement rather than replace mechanical cleaning.",[69,539,115],{"id":114},[74,541,542,547,553,559,565],{},[77,543,544],{},[102,545,546],{"href":375},"Acoustic cleaner",[77,548,549],{},[102,550,552],{"href":551},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-sootblower","Sonic sootblower",[77,554,555],{},[102,556,558],{"href":557},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbell-horn","Bell horn",[77,560,561],{},[102,562,564],{"href":563},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdiaphragm-horn","Diaphragm horn",[77,566,567],{},[102,568,569],{"href":520},"Low-frequency acoustic cleaner",{"title":135,"searchDepth":136,"depth":136,"links":571},[572,573,574,575,576],{"id":403,"depth":136,"text":404},{"id":415,"depth":136,"text":416},{"id":487,"depth":136,"text":488},{"id":528,"depth":136,"text":529},{"id":114,"depth":136,"text":115},"core-technology","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of acoustic cleaner and the default specification for cleaning ESPs, baghouses, SCR catalysts, boiler heat-transfer surfaces and hoppers and silos.",{},[581,582,583,584,585,586],"acoustic-cleaner","acoustic-cleaning-system","sonic-sootblower","bell-horn","diaphragm-horn","low-frequency-acoustic-cleaner",{"title":588,"description":589},"Sonic horn — definition, frequency, SPL and industrial applications","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven low-frequency sound emitter (typically 60–400 Hz at 140–180 dB SPL) used to dislodge particulate fouling from boilers, ESPs, baghouses and process vessels.",[591,594,597],{"title":592,"url":593},"Power Engineering — Sonic Horns: A User's Introduction","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Fsonic-horns-a-userrsquos-introduction\u002F",{"title":595,"url":596},"Power Engineering — Tuning in to Acoustic Cleaning","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Ftuning-in-to-acoustic-cleaning\u002F",{"title":598,"url":599},"Wikipedia — Sonic soot blowers","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSonic_soot_blowers","glossary\u002Fsonic-horn","YzrhN0kKzqSaQo0wfn0rueNZ-V43mcg5zahqeWi3lnU",1782613756394]