[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":958},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:chloride-induced-corrosion":45,"glossary-related:chloride-induced-corrosion":201},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":52,"category":180,"description":181,"extension":182,"meta":183,"navigation":184,"path":185,"relatedTerms":186,"seo":192,"sources":195,"stem":199,"term":47,"__hash__":200},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fchloride-induced-corrosion.md","Chloride-induced corrosion",[49,50,51],"Cl corrosion","chloride corrosion","high-temperature chloride corrosion",{"type":53,"value":54,"toc":172},"minimark",[55,72,77,80,84,104,108,137,141],[56,57,58,61,62,67,68,71],"p",{},[59,60,47],"strong",{}," is the accelerated tube-wall thinning caused by chlorine-rich deposits on the steam-side surfaces of ",[63,64,66],"a",{"href":65},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","WtE",", ",[63,69,70],{"href":65},"biomass"," and waste-fired boilers. Chloride corrosion is the dominant tube-failure mechanism in WtE and a major maintenance cost driver.",[73,74,76],"h2",{"id":75},"mechanism","Mechanism",[56,78,79],{},"Chlorine in the fuel enters the gas phase as HCl and metal chlorides. Inside a thin deposit on the tube, chloride and metal-chloride species shuttle electrons between the gas atmosphere and the tube surface. The result is rapid metal loss far in excess of what the temperature alone would predict. The \"active oxidation\" mechanism describes one variant; chloride attack on the protective oxide scale describes another.",[73,81,83],{"id":82},"where-it-dominates","Where it dominates",[85,86,87,91,98,101],"ul",{},[88,89,90],"li",{},"WtE superheaters — design temperatures kept low (380–420 °C) specifically to limit chloride corrosion",[88,92,93,94],{},"Straw-fired boilers — see ",[63,95,97],{"href":96},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fstraw-agricultural-residue-firing","straw firing",[88,99,100],{},"RDF \u002F SRF boilers — variable but generally high",[88,102,103],{},"Heavy-petroleum-fired boilers with chloride contamination",[73,105,107],{"id":106},"mitigation","Mitigation",[85,109,110,116,122,128],{},[88,111,112,115],{},[59,113,114],{},"Material selection"," — Inconel-625 weld overlays, nickel-based alloys on the most-exposed tubes",[88,117,118,121],{},[59,119,120],{},"Lower steam temperature"," at the superheater outlet to keep tube-metal below the corrosion threshold",[88,123,124,127],{},[59,125,126],{},"Fuel control"," — limit chloride loading where the contract permits",[88,129,130,136],{},[59,131,132],{},[63,133,135],{"href":134},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","Sonic horns"," — preventing deposits from consolidating reduces the chloride concentration immediately adjacent to the tube surface, indirectly slowing corrosion",[73,138,140],{"id":139},"related-terms","Related terms",[85,142,143,148,154,160,166],{},[88,144,145],{},[63,146,147],{"href":65},"Waste-to-energy",[88,149,150],{},[63,151,153],{"href":152},"\u002Fglossary\u002Falkali-metals-in-ash","Alkali metals in ash",[88,155,156],{},[63,157,159],{"href":158},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-melt-sticky-ash","Low-melt sticky ash",[88,161,162],{},[63,163,165],{"href":164},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcold-end-corrosion-dew-point-corrosion","Cold-end corrosion \u002F dew-point corrosion",[88,167,168],{},[63,169,171],{"href":170},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ftube-erosion-tube-wastage","Tube erosion \u002F tube wastage",{"title":173,"searchDepth":174,"depth":174,"links":175},"",2,[176,177,178,179],{"id":75,"depth":174,"text":76},{"id":82,"depth":174,"text":83},{"id":106,"depth":174,"text":107},{"id":139,"depth":174,"text":140},"wte-biomass","Chloride-induced corrosion is the accelerated tube-wall thinning caused by chlorine-rich deposits on the steam-side surfaces of WtE, biomass and waste-fired boilers. Chloride corrosion is the dominant tube-failure mechanism in WtE and a major maintenance cost driver.","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Fchloride-induced-corrosion",[187,188,189,190,191],"waste-to-energy","alkali-metals-in-ash","low-melt-sticky-ash","cold-end-corrosion-dew-point-corrosion","tube-erosion-tube-wastage",{"title":193,"description":194},"Chloride-induced corrosion — accelerated tube wastage in WtE and biomass boilers","Chloride-induced corrosion is the accelerated tube-wall thinning caused by chlorine-rich deposits on WtE and biomass boilers. The dominant tube-failure mechanism in WtE.",[196],{"title":197,"url":198},"npj Materials Degradation — Low-temperature corrosion in biomass boilers","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41529-025-00640-4","glossary\u002Fchloride-induced-corrosion","PVL_lGkefdByes5ldZdrOSzMPRd3dW-6jJv-GqlhciY",[202,399,594,707,840],{"id":203,"title":204,"aliases":205,"body":209,"category":180,"description":379,"extension":182,"meta":380,"navigation":184,"path":65,"relatedTerms":381,"seo":387,"sources":390,"stem":397,"term":147,"__hash__":398},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy.md","Waste-to-energy (WtE \u002F EfW)",[66,206,207,208],"EfW","energy-from-waste","MSW incineration",{"type":53,"value":210,"toc":374},[211,235,261,265,268,294,306,310,345,347],[56,212,213,216,217,221,222,67,226,230,231,234],{},[59,214,215],{},"Waste-to-energy (WtE)"," — equivalently ",[218,219,220],"em",{},"energy-from-waste (EfW)"," — burns ",[63,223,225],{"href":224},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fmunicipal-solid-waste","municipal solid waste (MSW)",[63,227,229],{"href":228},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frdf-srf-tdf","RDF, SRF and TDF",", commercial waste and some industrial waste streams to generate steam and electricity. WtE is the fastest-growing application for industrial ",[63,232,233],{"href":134},"sonic horns"," worldwide, driven by:",[85,236,237,243,249,255],{},[88,238,239,242],{},[59,240,241],{},"EU policy"," — landfill diversion targets, EU ETS extension to WtE from 2028",[88,244,245,248],{},[59,246,247],{},"UK"," — recent tightening of criteria for new WtE plants raises operating-efficiency expectations",[88,250,251,254],{},[59,252,253],{},"EPC pipeline"," — major projects from Hitachi Zosen Inova \u002F Kanadevia Inova, Babcock & Wilcox Vølund, Paprec Énergies, Keppel Seghers, ANDRITZ, Valmet",[88,256,257,260],{},[59,258,259],{},"Operator economics"," — tipping fees underwrite high-availability targets",[73,262,264],{"id":263},"why-wte-is-uniquely-fouling-prone","Why WtE is uniquely fouling-prone",[56,266,267],{},"Three converging factors make WtE boilers harder to clean than conventional fossil-fuel plants:",[85,269,270,279,288],{},[88,271,272,275,276,278],{},[59,273,274],{},"High chlorine content"," in waste fuels → ",[63,277,50],{"href":185}," and sticky deposits",[88,280,281,284,285],{},[59,282,283],{},"High alkali content"," (Na, K from food, paper, biomass fractions) → ",[63,286,287],{"href":158},"low-melt sticky ash",[88,289,290,293],{},[59,291,292],{},"Variable fuel composition"," → unpredictable fouling intensity",[56,295,296,297,301,302,305],{},"Conventional steam ",[63,298,300],{"href":299},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsteam-sootblower","sootblowing"," accelerates ",[63,303,304],{"href":170},"tube wastage"," on the chloride-rich, low-melt deposits typical of WtE; acoustic cleaning is the safer alternative.",[73,307,309],{"id":308},"where-sonic-horns-sit-in-wte-plants","Where sonic horns sit in WtE plants",[85,311,312,318,329,335,340],{},[88,313,314,317],{},[59,315,316],{},"Boiler convective pass"," — superheater, evaporator, economiser tube banks",[88,319,320,323,324,328],{},[59,321,322],{},"SCR catalyst layers"," — high-dust ",[63,325,327],{"href":326},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fselective-catalytic-reduction","SCR"," on WtE",[88,330,331,334],{},[59,332,333],{},"Flue-gas ducting"," between boiler and treatment train",[88,336,337],{},[59,338,339],{},"Bag-filter compartments and hoppers",[88,341,342],{},[59,343,344],{},"Bottom-ash and fly-ash hoppers",[73,346,140],{"id":139},[85,348,349,354,359,365,369],{},[88,350,351],{},[63,352,353],{"href":224},"Municipal solid waste (MSW)",[88,355,356],{},[63,357,358],{"href":228},"RDF \u002F SRF \u002F TDF",[88,360,361],{},[63,362,364],{"href":363},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fgrate-fired-boiler-mass-burn-incinerator","Grate-fired boiler \u002F mass-burn incinerator",[88,366,367],{},[63,368,47],{"href":185},[88,370,371],{},[63,372,373],{"href":134},"Sonic horn",{"title":173,"searchDepth":174,"depth":174,"links":375},[376,377,378],{"id":263,"depth":174,"text":264},{"id":308,"depth":174,"text":309},{"id":139,"depth":174,"text":140},"Waste-to-energy (WtE) — equivalently energy-from-waste (EfW) — burns municipal solid waste (MSW), RDF, SRF and TDF, commercial waste and some industrial waste streams to generate steam and electricity. WtE is the fastest-growing application for industrial sonic horns worldwide, driven by:",{},[382,383,384,385,386],"municipal-solid-waste","rdf-srf-tdf","grate-fired-boiler-mass-burn-incinerator","chloride-induced-corrosion","sonic-horn",{"title":388,"description":389},"Waste-to-energy (WtE \u002F EfW) — fastest-growing sonic-horn market","WtE plants burn municipal solid waste, RDF, SRF and biomass to generate steam and electricity. Sticky chloride-rich ash defeats conventional cleaning; sonic horns are the dominant fit.",[391,394],{"title":392,"url":393},"Wikipedia — Waste-to-energy","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWaste-to-energy",{"title":395,"url":396},"ESWET — UK tightens criteria for new waste-to-energy plants","https:\u002F\u002Feswet.eu\u002Fuk-government-tightens-criteria-for-new-waste-to-energy-plants\u002F","glossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","n1jacm4CfEzWzKgFtb3zWUtawVRCvFMnoypq0mxk6h8",{"id":400,"title":153,"aliases":401,"body":405,"category":180,"description":579,"extension":182,"meta":580,"navigation":184,"path":152,"relatedTerms":581,"seo":585,"sources":588,"stem":592,"term":153,"__hash__":593},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Falkali-metals-in-ash.md",[402,403,404],"sodium in ash","potassium in ash","alkali loading",{"type":53,"value":406,"toc":573},[407,416,420,500,504,537,541,547,549],[56,408,409,412,413,415],{},[59,410,411],{},"Alkali metals"," — primarily sodium (Na) and potassium (K) — are the dominant drivers of low-melting fouling in biomass, ",[63,414,187],{"href":65}," and certain coal boilers. Alkali compounds (KCl, NaCl, K₂SO₄, Na₂SO₄) melt or soften at temperatures (650–900 °C) lower than typical convective-pass tube-metal temperatures, so they arrive at the tube surface partly molten and bond tenaciously.",[73,417,419],{"id":418},"where-alkali-concentration-is-high","Where alkali concentration is high",[421,422,423,436],"table",{},[424,425,426],"thead",{},[427,428,429,433],"tr",{},[430,431,432],"th",{},"Fuel",[430,434,435],{},"Approximate alkali-in-ash range",[437,438,439,448,460,471,482,492],"tbody",{},[427,440,441,445],{},[442,443,444],"td",{},"Wood (clean stems)",[442,446,447],{},"Low (1–5%)",[427,449,450,457],{},[442,451,452,453],{},"Bark, ",[63,454,456],{"href":455},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhog-fuel","hog fuel",[442,458,459],{},"Medium (5–15%)",[427,461,462,468],{},[442,463,464,465],{},"Straw and ",[63,466,467],{"href":96},"agricultural residues",[442,469,470],{},"High (10–25%)",[427,472,473,479],{},[442,474,475],{},[63,476,478],{"href":477},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbagasse","Bagasse",[442,480,481],{},"Medium-high",[427,483,484,489],{},[442,485,486],{},[63,487,488],{"href":65},"MSW \u002F RDF \u002F SRF",[442,490,491],{},"High (variable)",[427,493,494,497],{},[442,495,496],{},"Coal",[442,498,499],{},"Low",[73,501,503],{"id":502},"operational-consequences","Operational consequences",[85,505,506,511,517,524],{},[88,507,508,510],{},[63,509,159],{"href":158}," bonding to superheater and economiser tubes",[88,512,513,514,516],{},"Accelerated ",[63,515,304],{"href":170}," from corrosive deposits",[88,518,519,523],{},[63,520,522],{"href":521},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcatalyst-poisoning","SCR catalyst poisoning"," by alkali species",[88,525,526,527,531,532,536],{},"Bed-material agglomeration in ",[63,528,530],{"href":529},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbfb-boiler","BFB"," and ",[63,533,535],{"href":534},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcfb-boiler","CFB"," boilers",[73,538,540],{"id":539},"cleaning","Cleaning",[56,542,543,544,546],{},"Active ",[63,545,386],{"href":134}," cleaning prevents fresh alkali-rich deposits from consolidating into bonded slag, which is the only practical mitigation short of fuel substitution.",[73,548,140],{"id":139},[85,550,551,555,559,564,568],{},[88,552,553],{},[63,554,159],{"href":158},[88,556,557],{},[63,558,47],{"href":185},[88,560,561],{},[63,562,563],{"href":521},"Catalyst poisoning",[88,565,566],{},[63,567,478],{"href":477},[88,569,570],{},[63,571,572],{"href":96},"Straw \u002F agricultural-residue firing",{"title":173,"searchDepth":174,"depth":174,"links":574},[575,576,577,578],{"id":418,"depth":174,"text":419},{"id":502,"depth":174,"text":503},{"id":539,"depth":174,"text":540},{"id":139,"depth":174,"text":140},"Alkali metals — primarily sodium (Na) and potassium (K) — are the dominant drivers of low-melting fouling in biomass, waste-to-energy and certain coal boilers. Alkali compounds (KCl, NaCl, K₂SO₄, Na₂SO₄) melt or soften at temperatures (650–900 °C) lower than typical convective-pass tube-metal temperatures, so they arrive at the tube surface partly molten and bond tenaciously.",{},[189,385,582,583,584],"catalyst-poisoning","bagasse","straw-agricultural-residue-firing",{"title":586,"description":587},"Alkali metals in ash — sodium and potassium drive low-melt biomass fouling","Alkali metals (Na, K) in biomass and waste-fuel ash form low-melting compounds that bond to boiler tubes as sticky deposits and poison SCR catalysts.",[589],{"title":590,"url":591},"Wikipedia — Slagging and fouling in boilers","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBoiler#Slagging","glossary\u002Falkali-metals-in-ash","geS4Q08TCk13dlbSDSxT-BXr_OYi5LW7UIKYIEm_0_0",{"id":595,"title":159,"aliases":596,"body":600,"category":180,"description":696,"extension":182,"meta":697,"navigation":184,"path":158,"relatedTerms":698,"seo":700,"sources":703,"stem":705,"term":159,"__hash__":706},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-melt-sticky-ash.md",[597,598,599],"sticky ash","low-melting ash","alkali-rich sticky ash",{"type":53,"value":601,"toc":690},[602,616,620,628,632,641,643,664,666],[56,603,604,606,607,531,609,611,612,615],{},[59,605,159],{}," is the universal headache of ",[63,608,70],{"href":65},[63,610,187],{"href":65}," boiler operation. It forms when ash particles rich in ",[63,613,614],{"href":152},"alkali metals"," (K, Na) and chlorides soften at typical convective-pass gas temperatures (700–900 °C) and bond to cooler tube surfaces on contact.",[73,617,619],{"id":618},"why-it-defeats-steam-sootblowers","Why it defeats steam sootblowers",[56,621,622,623,627],{},"A steam jet from an ",[63,624,626],{"href":625},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fik-long-retract-sootblower","IK retract sootblower"," is highly effective on dry, friable ash but largely ineffective on a deposit that has bonded as a continuous sticky film. The steam removes only the loose surface layer; the bonded under-layer remains and continues to grow.",[73,629,631],{"id":630},"why-sonic-horns-help","Why sonic horns help",[56,633,634,636,637,640],{},[63,635,135],{"href":134}," work ",[218,638,639],{},"before"," the deposit consolidates. Continuous low-amplitude vibration during the early sticky phase prevents the deposit from forming a bonded interface with the tube. The ash remains friable enough to be released by sootblowers or by the next horn pulse, rather than building up into a self-reinforcing sticky mass.",[73,642,83],{"id":82},[85,644,645,652,658,661],{},[88,646,647,648],{},"Recovery boilers — see ",[63,649,651],{"href":650},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcarry-over","carry-over",[88,653,654,657],{},[63,655,656],{"href":96},"Straw"," and high-alkali biomass",[88,659,660],{},"WtE boilers, especially with high-RDF feed",[88,662,663],{},"Petcoke firing in some configurations",[73,665,140],{"id":139},[85,667,668,672,676,680,686],{},[88,669,670],{},[63,671,153],{"href":152},[88,673,674],{},[63,675,47],{"href":185},[88,677,678],{},[63,679,147],{"href":65},[88,681,682],{},[63,683,685],{"href":684},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater","Superheater",[88,687,688],{},[63,689,373],{"href":134},{"title":173,"searchDepth":174,"depth":174,"links":691},[692,693,694,695],{"id":618,"depth":174,"text":619},{"id":630,"depth":174,"text":631},{"id":82,"depth":174,"text":83},{"id":139,"depth":174,"text":140},"Low-melt sticky ash is the universal headache of biomass and waste-to-energy boiler operation. It forms when ash particles rich in alkali metals (K, Na) and chlorides soften at typical convective-pass gas temperatures (700–900 °C) and bond to cooler tube surfaces on contact.",{},[188,385,187,699,386],"superheater",{"title":701,"description":702},"Low-melt sticky ash — the universal headache of biomass and WtE cleaning","Low-melt sticky ash forms when alkali-rich ash particles soften at typical convective-pass temperatures and bond to tube surfaces. Defeats steam sootblowers; primary target for sonic horns.",[704],{"title":590,"url":591},"glossary\u002Flow-melt-sticky-ash","T-fxgBz2Ckq6-Jqq1LywnOSrLjgAelnaRUCmw8i4qQA",{"id":708,"title":165,"aliases":709,"body":713,"category":823,"description":824,"extension":182,"meta":825,"navigation":184,"path":164,"relatedTerms":826,"seo":830,"sources":833,"stem":837,"term":838,"__hash__":839},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fcold-end-corrosion-dew-point-corrosion.md",[710,711,712],"cold end corrosion","dew point corrosion","sulphuric acid corrosion (boiler)",{"type":53,"value":714,"toc":818},[715,740,744,747,762,765,767,788,790],[56,716,717,720,721,724,725,729,730,734,735,739],{},[59,718,719],{},"Cold-end corrosion"," (also ",[218,722,723],{},"dew-point corrosion",") is the attack on boiler ",[63,726,728],{"href":727},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fair-heater","air-heater"," baskets, ",[63,731,733],{"href":732},"\u002Fglossary\u002Feconomiser","economiser"," tubes and downstream ducting where flue-gas temperature falls below the ",[63,736,738],{"href":737},"\u002Fglossary\u002Facid-dew-point","acid dew point"," of the gas. SO₃ in the flue gas combines with water vapour to form sulphuric acid that condenses on the cooled surfaces and attacks them.",[73,741,743],{"id":742},"the-interplay-with-fouling","The interplay with fouling",[56,745,746],{},"Cold-end corrosion and fouling reinforce each other:",[85,748,749,752,755],{},[88,750,751],{},"Condensed acid bonds dust to surfaces — fouling consolidates faster",[88,753,754],{},"Fouled tubes run cooler than design — more acid condenses",[88,756,757,761],{},[63,758,760],{"href":759},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fammonium-bisulphate","Ammonium bisulphate (ABS)"," deposits accelerate both processes",[56,763,764],{},"The result is a self-feeding cycle: a unit that begins to foul typically also begins to corrode, and both worsen until the cold end is water-washed or rebuilt.",[73,766,107],{"id":106},[85,768,769,774,777,780,783],{},[88,770,771,772],{},"Maintain cold-end metal temperature above the ",[63,773,738],{"href":737},[88,775,776],{},"Manage fuel sulphur and SCR SO₂\u002FSO₃ conversion",[88,778,779],{},"Use corrosion-resistant materials (Cor-Ten, enamel-coated baskets) at the cold end",[88,781,782],{},"Periodic water-washing of cold-end baskets and tubes",[88,784,785,787],{},[63,786,135],{"href":134}," to keep deposits from consolidating",[73,789,140],{"id":139},[85,791,792,797,802,807,812],{},[88,793,794],{},[63,795,796],{"href":727},"Air heater",[88,798,799],{},[63,800,801],{"href":732},"Economiser",[88,803,804],{},[63,805,806],{"href":759},"Ammonium bisulphate",[88,808,809],{},[63,810,811],{"href":737},"Acid dew point",[88,813,814],{},[63,815,817],{"href":816},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fboiler-tube-failure","Boiler tube failure",{"title":173,"searchDepth":174,"depth":174,"links":819},[820,821,822],{"id":742,"depth":174,"text":743},{"id":106,"depth":174,"text":107},{"id":139,"depth":174,"text":140},"boiler","Cold-end corrosion (also dew-point corrosion) is the attack on boiler air-heater baskets, economiser tubes and downstream ducting where flue-gas temperature falls below the acid dew point of the gas. SO₃ in the flue gas combines with water vapour to form sulphuric acid that condenses on the cooled surfaces and attacks them.",{},[728,733,827,828,829],"ammonium-bisulphate","acid-dew-point","boiler-tube-failure",{"title":831,"description":832},"Cold-end corrosion — sulphuric-acid attack at the boiler's coolest point","Cold-end corrosion is the attack on air-heater and economiser surfaces below the acid dew point, where SO3 condenses as sulphuric acid. The leading cold-end failure mechanism.",[834],{"title":835,"url":836},"POWER Magazine — SO3's impacts on plant O&M","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.powermag.com\u002Fso3s-impacts-on-plant-om-part-ii\u002F","glossary\u002Fcold-end-corrosion-dew-point-corrosion","Cold-end corrosion and dew-point corrosion","IO_wdcX5SRjrSEY4SMku6RmkWNHXkuMTmeI4uHpz1dI",{"id":841,"title":171,"aliases":842,"body":845,"category":823,"description":944,"extension":182,"meta":945,"navigation":184,"path":170,"relatedTerms":946,"seo":948,"sources":951,"stem":955,"term":956,"__hash__":957},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Ftube-erosion-tube-wastage.md",[843,304,844],"tube erosion","fly-ash erosion",{"type":53,"value":846,"toc":938},[847,859,863,886,888,902,906,911,913],[56,848,849,720,852,854,855,858],{},[59,850,851],{},"Tube erosion",[218,853,304],{},") is the gradual thinning of boiler tube walls by repeated mechanical impact from particulate or by steam-jet impingement. Continued erosion eventually thins the tube below its design pressure rating, triggering ",[63,856,857],{"href":816},"boiler tube failure (BTF)",".",[73,860,862],{"id":861},"two-main-mechanisms","Two main mechanisms",[85,864,865,876],{},[88,866,867,870,871,875],{},[59,868,869],{},"Fly-ash erosion"," — abrasive ash particles continuously impact tube surfaces, particularly in high-velocity sections of the ",[63,872,874],{"href":873},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fconvective-pass-backpass","convective pass"," and economiser. Worst on units burning high-ash coals",[88,877,878,881,882,885],{},[59,879,880],{},"Sootblower erosion"," — steam jets from poorly-aligned ",[63,883,884],{"href":625},"IK or IR sootblowers"," directly impinge on adjacent tubes, thinning them at the impingement zone",[73,887,107],{"id":106},[85,889,890,893,896,899],{},[88,891,892],{},"Flow-shielding (chord plates, dummy tubes)",[88,894,895],{},"Ash-load reduction (selective fuel blending, pre-cyclone removal)",[88,897,898],{},"Sootblower lance alignment audits and re-aiming",[88,900,901],{},"Coatings (HVOF, thermal-spray) on the most exposed tubes",[73,903,905],{"id":904},"sonic-horns-and-erosion","Sonic horns and erosion",[56,907,908,910],{},[63,909,135],{"href":134}," contribute zero mechanical erosion because they apply no contact force and no high-velocity jet. Plants that have suffered repeated sootblower-erosion BTF often retrofit horns and reduce sootblower duty, slowing the erosion progression.",[73,912,140],{"id":139},[85,914,915,921,925,929,934],{},[88,916,917],{},[63,918,920],{"href":919},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fboiler","Boiler",[88,922,923],{},[63,924,817],{"href":816},[88,926,927],{},[63,928,801],{"href":732},[88,930,931],{},[63,932,933],{"href":299},"Steam sootblower",[88,935,936],{},[63,937,373],{"href":134},{"title":173,"searchDepth":174,"depth":174,"links":939},[940,941,942,943],{"id":861,"depth":174,"text":862},{"id":106,"depth":174,"text":107},{"id":904,"depth":174,"text":905},{"id":139,"depth":174,"text":140},"Tube erosion (also tube wastage) is the gradual thinning of boiler tube walls by repeated mechanical impact from particulate or by steam-jet impingement. Continued erosion eventually thins the tube below its design pressure rating, triggering boiler tube failure (BTF).",{},[823,829,733,947,386],"steam-sootblower",{"title":949,"description":950},"Tube erosion and tube wastage — thinning of boiler tubes by particulate impact","Tube erosion is the gradual thinning of boiler tubes by fly-ash impact and sootblower steam jets. Both are documented mechanisms of boiler tube failure.",[952],{"title":953,"url":954},"POWER Magazine — Update: Benchmarking Boiler Tube Failures","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.powermag.com\u002Fupdate-benchmarking-boiler-tube-failures\u002F","glossary\u002Ftube-erosion-tube-wastage","Tube erosion and tube wastage","SwfphESr4oNYEc_j53NH4Y5ui6UvKyUR7JSEfQfKAZQ",1782613758369]