[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1045},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:cfb-boiler":45,"glossary-related:cfb-boiler":219},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":52,"category":198,"description":199,"extension":200,"meta":201,"navigation":202,"path":203,"relatedTerms":204,"seo":209,"sources":212,"stem":216,"term":217,"__hash__":218},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fcfb-boiler.md","CFB boiler (circulating fluidised bed)",[49,50,51],"CFB boiler","circulating fluidised bed boiler","circulating fluidized bed",{"type":53,"value":54,"toc":191},"minimark",[55,75,80,83,110,113,117,152,159,163],[56,57,58,59,63,64,69,70,74],"p",{},"A ",[60,61,62],"strong",{},"circulating fluidised-bed (CFB) boiler"," burns fuel in a turbulent bed of sand, ash and limestone, circulated by an upward-flowing combustion-air stream and recirculated through external ",[65,66,68],"a",{"href":67},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcyclone-separator","cyclone separators",". Combustion temperature (~850 °C) is much lower than in a ",[65,71,73],{"href":72},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpc-boiler","PC boiler",", giving naturally lower NOx and the capability to capture SO₂ in the bed by limestone addition.",[76,77,79],"h2",{"id":78},"fuel-flexibility","Fuel flexibility",[56,81,82],{},"CFB boilers tolerate a far wider range of fuels than PC boilers:",[84,85,86,90,93,100,107],"ul",{},[87,88,89],"li",{},"Coal (anthracite, bituminous, sub-bituminous, lignite)",[87,91,92],{},"Petroleum coke",[87,94,95,99],{},[65,96,98],{"href":97},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","Biomass"," (wood, agricultural residues, bagasse)",[87,101,102,106],{},[65,103,105],{"href":104},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frdf-srf-tdf","RDF"," and waste fractions",[87,108,109],{},"Mixed and low-grade fuels",[56,111,112],{},"This fuel flexibility makes CFB the technology of choice for biomass conversions, waste-fired plants and lignite-rich regions.",[76,114,116],{"id":115},"fouling-pattern","Fouling pattern",[84,118,119,125,146],{},[87,120,121,124],{},[60,122,123],{},"Cyclone fouling"," — recirculating bed material accumulates on cyclone walls and downcomers",[87,126,127,130,131,135,136,140,141,145],{},[60,128,129],{},"Backpass fouling"," — fine ash on ",[65,132,134],{"href":133},"\u002Fglossary\u002Feconomiser","economiser",", ",[65,137,139],{"href":138},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater","superheater"," and ",[65,142,144],{"href":143},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fair-heater","air-heater"," tubes",[87,147,148,151],{},[60,149,150],{},"Refractory wear"," in high-velocity zones",[56,153,154,158],{},[65,155,157],{"href":156},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","Sonic horns"," on the backpass surfaces and cyclone walls extend run length between maintenance outages.",[76,160,162],{"id":161},"related-terms","Related terms",[84,164,165,171,177,181,186],{},[87,166,167],{},[65,168,170],{"href":169},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fboiler","Boiler",[87,172,173],{},[65,174,176],{"href":175},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbfb-boiler","BFB boiler",[87,178,179],{},[65,180,73],{"href":72},[87,182,183],{},[65,184,185],{"href":67},"Cyclone separator",[87,187,188],{},[65,189,190],{"href":156},"Sonic horn",{"title":192,"searchDepth":193,"depth":193,"links":194},"",2,[195,196,197],{"id":78,"depth":193,"text":79},{"id":115,"depth":193,"text":116},{"id":161,"depth":193,"text":162},"boiler","A circulating fluidised-bed (CFB) boiler burns fuel in a turbulent bed of sand, ash and limestone, circulated by an upward-flowing combustion-air stream and recirculated through external cyclone separators. Combustion temperature (~850 °C) is much lower than in a PC boiler, giving naturally lower NOx and the capability to capture SO₂ in the bed by limestone addition.","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcfb-boiler",[198,205,206,207,208],"bfb-boiler","pc-boiler","cyclone-separator","sonic-horn",{"title":210,"description":211},"CFB boiler — circulating fluidised-bed combustion for fuel flexibility","A CFB boiler burns fuel in a turbulent bed of sand, ash and limestone circulated by an upward-flowing gas stream. Tolerates coal, biomass, RDF and lignite; produces low NOx.",[213],{"title":214,"url":215},"Wikipedia — Fluidized bed combustion","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFluidized_bed_combustion","glossary\u002Fcfb-boiler","Circulating fluidised-bed boiler","QNumZQl2rNlvci0eemW6ii5Do8yT8iOZn-74mjhC-XY",[220,454,548,686,818],{"id":221,"title":170,"aliases":222,"body":226,"category":198,"description":436,"extension":200,"meta":437,"navigation":202,"path":169,"relatedTerms":438,"seo":442,"sources":445,"stem":452,"term":170,"__hash__":453},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fboiler.md",[223,224,225],"industrial boiler","utility boiler","steam generator",{"type":53,"value":227,"toc":431},[228,252,256,368,372,400,402],[56,229,58,230,232,233,135,236,140,239,243,244,140,248,251],{},[60,231,198],{}," is a closed vessel in which fuel chemical energy is converted to steam by transferring heat into water flowing through tube banks. Industrial and utility boilers serve electricity generation, district heating, process steam, ",[65,234,235],{"href":97},"WtE",[65,237,238],{"href":97},"biomass",[65,240,242],{"href":241},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frecovery-boiler","pulp-and-paper"," operations. All of them foul; the only variables are ",[245,246,247],"em",{},"how much",[245,249,250],{},"with what",".",[76,253,255],{"id":254},"boiler-families","Boiler families",[257,258,259,275],"table",{},[260,261,262],"thead",{},[263,264,265,269,272],"tr",{},[266,267,268],"th",{},"Type",[266,270,271],{},"Fuel",[266,273,274],{},"Notes",[276,277,278,291,303,315,328,342,353],"tbody",{},[263,279,280,285,288],{},[281,282,283],"td",{},[65,284,73],{"href":72},[281,286,287],{},"Pulverised coal",[281,289,290],{},"Dominant utility design",[263,292,293,297,300],{},[281,294,295],{},[65,296,49],{"href":203},[281,298,299],{},"Coal, biomass, RDF, lignite",[281,301,302],{},"Tolerates wider fuel range; lower NOx",[263,304,305,309,312],{},[281,306,307],{},[65,308,176],{"href":175},[281,310,311],{},"Biomass, sludge, low-grade fuels",[281,313,314],{},"Bubbling fluidised bed",[263,316,317,322,325],{},[281,318,319],{},[65,320,321],{"href":241},"Recovery boiler",[281,323,324],{},"Black liquor (kraft pulp mills)",[281,326,327],{},"Combines chemicals recovery with steam",[263,329,330,336,339],{},[281,331,332],{},[65,333,335],{"href":334},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhog-fuel-boiler-bark-boiler","Hog-fuel boiler",[281,337,338],{},"Wood waste, bark",[281,340,341],{},"Common at pulp mills as side boilers",[263,343,344,347,350],{},[281,345,346],{},"Gas \u002F oil boiler",[281,348,349],{},"Natural gas, fuel oil",[281,351,352],{},"Lower particulate, less fouling",[263,354,355,358,361],{},[281,356,357],{},"HRSG",[281,359,360],{},"Gas-turbine exhaust",[281,362,363,364],{},"See ",[65,365,367],{"href":366},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fheat-recovery-steam-generator","heat-recovery steam generator",[76,369,371],{"id":370},"where-sonic-horns-sit","Where sonic horns sit",[56,373,374,376,377,135,379,135,382,140,386,389,390,394,395,399],{},[65,375,157],{"href":156}," installed across the convective pass — between ",[65,378,134],{"href":133},[65,380,381],{"href":138},"superheaters",[65,383,385],{"href":384},"\u002Fglossary\u002Freheater","reheater",[65,387,388],{"href":143},"air heater"," — dislodge ash and soot continuously, supplementing or partially replacing steam ",[65,391,393],{"href":392},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsteam-sootblower","sootblowers",". The benefit shows up as ",[65,396,398],{"href":397},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fheat-rate","heat rate"," recovery, deferred outages and longer intervals between water washes.",[76,401,162],{"id":161},[84,403,404,408,412,416,422,427],{},[87,405,406],{},[65,407,73],{"href":72},[87,409,410],{},[65,411,49],{"href":203},[87,413,414],{},[65,415,321],{"href":241},[87,417,418],{},[65,419,421],{"href":420},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaterwall","Waterwall",[87,423,424],{},[65,425,426],{"href":133},"Economiser",[87,428,429],{},[65,430,190],{"href":156},{"title":192,"searchDepth":193,"depth":193,"links":432},[433,434,435],{"id":254,"depth":193,"text":255},{"id":370,"depth":193,"text":371},{"id":161,"depth":193,"text":162},"A boiler is a closed vessel in which fuel chemical energy is converted to steam by transferring heat into water flowing through tube banks. Industrial and utility boilers serve electricity generation, district heating, process steam, WtE, biomass and pulp-and-paper operations. All of them foul; the only variables are how much and with what.",{},[206,439,205,440,441,134,139,144,208],"cfb-boiler","recovery-boiler","waterwall",{"title":443,"description":444},"Boiler — industrial steam generator types and acoustic-cleaning needs","A boiler is a vessel that converts fuel chemical energy into steam by heating water. Coal-fired, biomass, oil, gas and recovery boilers all foul; sonic horns clean heat-transfer surfaces.",[446,449],{"title":447,"url":448},"Wikipedia — Boiler","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBoiler",{"title":450,"url":451},"Babcock & Wilcox — Sootblower and Boiler Cleaning Terminology","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.babcock.com\u002Fhome\u002Fabout\u002Fresources\u002Flearning-center\u002Fsootblower-and-boiler-cleaning-terminology-principles-and-applications","glossary\u002Fboiler","pamAnZGo_UeIedDHhYrfv0nP3GCXkNTGi0a197n4b5Q",{"id":455,"title":456,"aliases":457,"body":460,"category":198,"description":536,"extension":200,"meta":537,"navigation":202,"path":175,"relatedTerms":538,"seo":540,"sources":543,"stem":545,"term":546,"__hash__":547},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fbfb-boiler.md","BFB boiler (bubbling fluidised bed)",[176,458,459],"bubbling fluidised bed","bubbling fluidized bed",{"type":53,"value":461,"toc":531},[462,472,476,496,500,514,516],[56,463,58,464,467,468,471],{},[60,465,466],{},"bubbling fluidised-bed (BFB) boiler"," burns fuel in a bed of inert solids fluidised by an upward gas flow slow enough that the bed surface bubbles like boiling water but particles do not entrain into the flue gas. Compared with ",[65,469,470],{"href":203},"CFB",", BFB uses lower fluidisation velocity, no external cyclone, and a simpler bed-management regime.",[76,473,475],{"id":474},"where-bfb-is-used","Where BFB is used",[84,477,478,481,484,490,493],{},[87,479,480],{},"Wet biomass and forest residues",[87,482,483],{},"Sewage-sludge incineration",[87,485,486,489],{},[65,487,488],{"href":334},"Hog-fuel"," and bark boilers at pulp mills",[87,491,492],{},"Small-to-mid capacity district-heating and process-steam duty",[87,494,495],{},"High-moisture, low-calorific fuels generally",[76,497,499],{"id":498},"fouling","Fouling",[56,501,502,503,140,505,507,508,510,511,513],{},"The fouling pattern resembles a CFB but with less cyclone deposition. The convective pass, ",[65,504,134],{"href":133},[65,506,388],{"href":143}," accumulate fine ash; the ",[65,509,441],{"href":420}," above the bed can experience alkali-rich slagging on agricultural-residue and straw fuels. ",[65,512,157],{"href":156}," on the convective pass and air-heater cold end are the typical cleaning fit.",[76,515,162],{"id":161},[84,517,518,522,526],{},[87,519,520],{},[65,521,170],{"href":169},[87,523,524],{},[65,525,49],{"href":203},[87,527,528],{},[65,529,530],{"href":334},"Hog-fuel boiler \u002F bark boiler",{"title":192,"searchDepth":193,"depth":193,"links":532},[533,534,535],{"id":474,"depth":193,"text":475},{"id":498,"depth":193,"text":499},{"id":161,"depth":193,"text":162},"A bubbling fluidised-bed (BFB) boiler burns fuel in a bed of inert solids fluidised by an upward gas flow slow enough that the bed surface bubbles like boiling water but particles do not entrain into the flue gas. Compared with CFB, BFB uses lower fluidisation velocity, no external cyclone, and a simpler bed-management regime.",{},[198,439,539],"hog-fuel-boiler-bark-boiler",{"title":541,"description":542},"BFB boiler — bubbling fluidised-bed combustion for biomass and sludge","A BFB boiler suspends fuel in a slowly-bubbling bed of inert solids. Lower fluidisation velocity than CFB; suited to high-moisture biomass and sludges.",[544],{"title":214,"url":215},"glossary\u002Fbfb-boiler","Bubbling fluidised-bed boiler","Bzx0JXI9cax6PUkf7iAsR15RqikYZIcxMt5DAlUZ8LA",{"id":549,"title":550,"aliases":551,"body":554,"category":198,"description":672,"extension":200,"meta":673,"navigation":202,"path":72,"relatedTerms":674,"seo":676,"sources":679,"stem":683,"term":684,"__hash__":685},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fpc-boiler.md","PC boiler (pulverised coal)",[73,552,553],"pulverised coal boiler","pulverized coal boiler",{"type":53,"value":555,"toc":667},[556,562,566,595,597,629,637,639],[56,557,58,558,561],{},[60,559,560],{},"pulverised-coal (PC) boiler"," grinds coal to a fine powder in pulverising mills and injects it through burners into a furnace, where it burns in suspension at 1,400–1,700 °C. PC boilers are the dominant utility-scale boiler design worldwide and remain the workhorse of legacy coal-fired generation in Asia, India, Africa, Eastern Europe and parts of the Americas.",[76,563,565],{"id":564},"layout","Layout",[56,567,568,569,572,573,135,575,135,578,581,582,585,586,590,591,251],{},"A typical PC boiler has tangential, wall-fired or down-fired burner arrangements with ",[65,570,571],{"href":420},"waterwalls"," absorbing radiant heat from the furnace; gas then passes over ",[65,574,381],{"href":138},[65,576,577],{"href":384},"reheaters",[65,579,580],{"href":133},"economisers"," and finally ",[65,583,584],{"href":143},"air heaters"," before reaching the ",[65,587,589],{"href":588},"\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","ESP"," or ",[65,592,594],{"href":593},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbaghouse","baghouse",[76,596,116],{"id":115},[84,598,599,605,611,617,623],{},[87,600,601,604],{},[60,602,603],{},"Slag"," on waterwalls and finishing superheaters",[87,606,607,610],{},[60,608,609],{},"Bonded ash"," on convective superheater and reheater tube banks",[87,612,613,616],{},[60,614,615],{},"Bridging deposits"," in the economiser hopper",[87,618,619,622],{},[60,620,621],{},"Ammonium-bisulphate fouling"," on the air-heater cold end (if SCR is installed upstream)",[87,624,625,628],{},[60,626,627],{},"Hopper bridging"," on the ESP and baghouse",[56,630,631,633,634,636],{},[65,632,157],{"href":156}," installed across the convective pass attack the second through fourth of these continuously, complementing steam ",[65,635,393],{"href":392}," on the slag-bonded superheater.",[76,638,162],{"id":161},[84,640,641,645,649,653,658,663],{},[87,642,643],{},[65,644,170],{"href":169},[87,646,647],{},[65,648,49],{"href":203},[87,650,651],{},[65,652,421],{"href":420},[87,654,655],{},[65,656,657],{"href":138},"Superheater",[87,659,660],{},[65,661,662],{"href":588},"Electrostatic precipitator",[87,664,665],{},[65,666,190],{"href":156},{"title":192,"searchDepth":193,"depth":193,"links":668},[669,670,671],{"id":564,"depth":193,"text":565},{"id":115,"depth":193,"text":116},{"id":161,"depth":193,"text":162},"A pulverised-coal (PC) boiler grinds coal to a fine powder in pulverising mills and injects it through burners into a furnace, where it burns in suspension at 1,400–1,700 °C. PC boilers are the dominant utility-scale boiler design worldwide and remain the workhorse of legacy coal-fired generation in Asia, India, Africa, Eastern Europe and parts of the Americas.",{},[198,439,441,139,675,208],"electrostatic-precipitator",{"title":677,"description":678},"PC boiler (pulverised-coal boiler) — dominant utility boiler design","A pulverised-coal boiler grinds coal to fine powder and injects it through burners into a furnace. The dominant utility-scale boiler design worldwide.",[680],{"title":681,"url":682},"Wikipedia — Pulverized coal-fired boiler","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPulverized_coal-fired_boiler","glossary\u002Fpc-boiler","Pulverised-coal boiler","p2M6biFa8FTNXOXeBnJrp1fX4NRZatIs40fAFiu0Wdo",{"id":687,"title":185,"aliases":688,"body":692,"category":802,"description":803,"extension":200,"meta":804,"navigation":202,"path":67,"relatedTerms":805,"seo":809,"sources":812,"stem":816,"term":185,"__hash__":817},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fcyclone-separator.md",[689,690,691],"cyclone","cyclones","gas cyclone",{"type":53,"value":693,"toc":796},[694,705,709,736,739,759,763,768,770],[56,695,58,696,699,700,704],{},[60,697,698],{},"cyclone separator"," removes particulate from a gas stream by centrifugal force: gas enters tangentially at the top of a vertical cylinder, spirals downward, and exits axially at the top through an inner pipe (vortex finder); heavier particles are thrown outward to the wall, slide down the conical bottom, and discharge through the ",[65,701,703],{"href":702},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcyclone-dipleg","dipleg"," below.",[76,706,708],{"id":707},"where-cyclones-are-used","Where cyclones are used",[84,710,711,716,723,733],{},[87,712,713,715],{},[65,714,49],{"href":203}," primary separators — large-diameter, high-temperature",[87,717,718,722],{},[65,719,721],{"href":720},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpreheater-cyclone","Cement preheater cyclones"," — multi-stage gas-to-meal heat exchange",[87,724,725,726,140,729,732],{},"Pre-cleaners ahead of ",[65,727,728],{"href":593},"baghouses",[65,730,731],{"href":588},"ESPs"," — knock out coarse dust to reduce downstream load",[87,734,735],{},"Process gas separation in chemical and refining duty",[76,737,123],{"id":738},"cyclone-fouling",[84,740,741,747,753],{},[87,742,743,746],{},[60,744,745],{},"Wall build-up"," — dust accretes on the wall and gradually narrows the gas path; flow re-organises and efficiency drops",[87,748,749,752],{},[60,750,751],{},"Dipleg pluggage"," — separated material backs up in the dipleg, eventually re-entraining",[87,754,755,758],{},[60,756,757],{},"Vortex finder fouling"," — alters internal swirl pattern",[76,760,762],{"id":761},"cleaning","Cleaning",[56,764,765,767],{},[65,766,157],{"href":156}," installed on the cyclone shell or dipleg keep wall deposits from consolidating. On cement preheater cyclones particularly, sonic horns are the standard preventive against the coatings that form under alternative-fuel firing.",[76,769,162],{"id":161},[84,771,772,778,783,787,792],{},[87,773,774],{},[65,775,777],{"href":776},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fmulti-cyclone-multiclone","Multi-cyclone \u002F multiclone",[87,779,780],{},[65,781,782],{"href":702},"Cyclone dipleg",[87,784,785],{},[65,786,49],{"href":203},[87,788,789],{},[65,790,791],{"href":720},"Preheater cyclone",[87,793,794],{},[65,795,190],{"href":156},{"title":192,"searchDepth":193,"depth":193,"links":797},[798,799,800,801],{"id":707,"depth":193,"text":708},{"id":738,"depth":193,"text":123},{"id":761,"depth":193,"text":762},{"id":161,"depth":193,"text":162},"hrsg-gas-path","A cyclone separator removes particulate from a gas stream by centrifugal force: gas enters tangentially at the top of a vertical cylinder, spirals downward, and exits axially at the top through an inner pipe (vortex finder); heavier particles are thrown outward to the wall, slide down the conical bottom, and discharge through the dipleg below.",{},[806,807,439,808,208],"multi-cyclone-multiclone","cyclone-dipleg","preheater-cyclone",{"title":810,"description":811},"Cyclone separator — centrifugal particulate-removal device","A cyclone separator removes particulate from a gas stream by centrifugal force. Wall build-up and re-entrainment from the dipleg are the dominant operational issues.",[813],{"title":814,"url":815},"Wikipedia — Cyclonic separation","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCyclonic_separation","glossary\u002Fcyclone-separator","q8drrAFN5eVbx6KETEHT-VxRny2DelPTSLsYv0Fj2dU",{"id":819,"title":190,"aliases":820,"body":824,"category":1020,"description":1021,"extension":200,"meta":1022,"navigation":202,"path":156,"relatedTerms":1023,"seo":1030,"sources":1033,"stem":1043,"term":190,"__hash__":1044},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn.md",[821,822,823],"sonic horns","sonic cleaning horn","industrial sonic horn",{"type":53,"value":825,"toc":1013},[826,853,857,865,869,931,935,970,974,981,983],[56,827,58,828,831,832,836,837,135,839,135,842,135,846,140,849,251],{},[60,829,830],{},"sonic horn"," is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of ",[65,833,835],{"href":834},"\u002Fglossary\u002Facoustic-cleaner","acoustic cleaner"," and the default specification for cleaning ",[65,838,731],{"href":588},[65,840,728],{"href":841},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffabric-filter",[65,843,845],{"href":844},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fselective-catalytic-reduction","SCR catalysts",[65,847,848],{"href":138},"boiler heat-transfer surfaces",[65,850,852],{"href":851},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhopper","hoppers and silos",[76,854,856],{"id":855},"how-a-sonic-horn-works","How a sonic horn works",[56,858,859,860,864],{},"Compressed plant air admitted through a ",[65,861,863],{"href":862},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsolenoid-valve","solenoid valve"," drives a metal diaphragm — typically titanium or 316 stainless — into resonant oscillation at the horn's fundamental frequency. The oscillating pressure field is amplified by an exponential bell horn and projected into the vessel as a near-spherical sound wave. Particulate already deposited on internal surfaces receives an oscillating acceleration that overcomes adhesion; loosened material is then carried out with the gas flow before it can sinter, bridge or bond. Because the cleaning is acoustic and non-contact, the horn can fire while the plant is online without tube erosion, refractory damage or thermal shock.",[76,866,868],{"id":867},"key-parameters","Key parameters",[257,870,871,881],{},[260,872,873],{},[263,874,875,878],{},[266,876,877],{},"Parameter",[266,879,880],{},"Typical range",[276,882,883,891,899,907,915,923],{},[263,884,885,888],{},[281,886,887],{},"Fundamental frequency",[281,889,890],{},"60–400 Hz",[263,892,893,896],{},[281,894,895],{},"Sound pressure level",[281,897,898],{},"140–180 dB",[263,900,901,904],{},[281,902,903],{},"Compressed-air consumption",[281,905,906],{},"8–14 Nm³\u002Fmin at 4–7 bar",[263,908,909,912],{},[281,910,911],{},"Operating temperature (with appropriate materials)",[281,913,914],{},"−40 °C to +500 °C",[263,916,917,920],{},[281,918,919],{},"Firing cycle",[281,921,922],{},"5–15 s burst, repeated every 3–15 minutes",[263,924,925,928],{},[281,926,927],{},"Mass",[281,929,930],{},"15–60 kg depending on horn size",[76,932,934],{"id":933},"frequency-selection","Frequency selection",[56,936,937,938,135,941,944,945,135,949,953,954,135,957,961,962,140,966,251],{},"Lower frequencies (60–125 Hz) project longer wavelengths and penetrate further into large open vessels — ",[65,939,940],{"href":720},"preheater cyclones",[65,942,943],{"href":241},"recovery-boiler superheaters",", large ",[65,946,948],{"href":947},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-field-bus-section","ESP fields",[65,950,952],{"href":951},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsilo","silos",". Higher frequencies (230–400 Hz) carry more energy per unit volume and suit finer dust loads in ",[65,955,956],{"href":841},"fabric-filter compartments",[65,958,960],{"href":959},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhoneycomb-catalyst","catalyst layers"," and smaller hopper geometries. See ",[65,963,965],{"href":964},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","low-frequency acoustic cleaner",[65,967,969],{"href":968},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhigh-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","high-frequency acoustic cleaner",[76,971,973],{"id":972},"sonic-horn-vs-steam-sootblower","Sonic horn vs steam sootblower",[56,975,976,977,980],{},"Sonic horns are increasingly specified alongside or in place of ",[65,978,979],{"href":392},"steam sootblowers"," because they consume no boiler-grade steam, cause no tube erosion, require almost no moving parts and can fire every few minutes without operator intervention. They are less effective on hard, fused slag than retractable steam lances, so on furnace waterwalls and high-temperature superheaters they typically complement rather than replace mechanical cleaning.",[76,982,162],{"id":161},[84,984,985,990,996,1002,1008],{},[87,986,987],{},[65,988,989],{"href":834},"Acoustic cleaner",[87,991,992],{},[65,993,995],{"href":994},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-sootblower","Sonic sootblower",[87,997,998],{},[65,999,1001],{"href":1000},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbell-horn","Bell horn",[87,1003,1004],{},[65,1005,1007],{"href":1006},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdiaphragm-horn","Diaphragm horn",[87,1009,1010],{},[65,1011,1012],{"href":964},"Low-frequency acoustic cleaner",{"title":192,"searchDepth":193,"depth":193,"links":1014},[1015,1016,1017,1018,1019],{"id":855,"depth":193,"text":856},{"id":867,"depth":193,"text":868},{"id":933,"depth":193,"text":934},{"id":972,"depth":193,"text":973},{"id":161,"depth":193,"text":162},"core-technology","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of acoustic cleaner and the default specification for cleaning ESPs, baghouses, SCR catalysts, boiler heat-transfer surfaces and hoppers and silos.",{},[1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029],"acoustic-cleaner","acoustic-cleaning-system","sonic-sootblower","bell-horn","diaphragm-horn","low-frequency-acoustic-cleaner",{"title":1031,"description":1032},"Sonic horn — definition, frequency, SPL and industrial applications","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven low-frequency sound emitter (typically 60–400 Hz at 140–180 dB SPL) used to dislodge particulate fouling from boilers, ESPs, baghouses and process vessels.",[1034,1037,1040],{"title":1035,"url":1036},"Power Engineering — Sonic Horns: A User's Introduction","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Fsonic-horns-a-userrsquos-introduction\u002F",{"title":1038,"url":1039},"Power Engineering — Tuning in to Acoustic Cleaning","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Ftuning-in-to-acoustic-cleaning\u002F",{"title":1041,"url":1042},"Wikipedia — Sonic soot blowers","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSonic_soot_blowers","glossary\u002Fsonic-horn","YzrhN0kKzqSaQo0wfn0rueNZ-V43mcg5zahqeWi3lnU",1782613724435]