[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":716},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:blast-furnace-gas-cleaning":45,"glossary-related:blast-furnace-gas-cleaning":192},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":52,"category":172,"description":173,"extension":174,"meta":175,"navigation":176,"path":177,"relatedTerms":178,"seo":183,"sources":186,"stem":190,"term":47,"__hash__":191},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fblast-furnace-gas-cleaning.md","Blast-furnace gas cleaning",[49,50,51],"BF gas cleaning","top-gas cleaning","BFG cleaning",{"type":53,"value":54,"toc":166},"minimark",[55,62,128,133,140,144],[56,57,58,61],"p",{},[59,60,47],"strong",{}," is the multi-stage flue-gas treatment train that removes particulate from the blast furnace's top gas before the gas is used as a fuel in the steelworks' downstream boilers and stoves. The high pressure and high dust loading of blast-furnace top gas demand a sequence of progressively finer cleaning steps:",[63,64,65,81],"table",{},[66,67,68],"thead",{},[69,70,71,75,78],"tr",{},[72,73,74],"th",{},"Stage",[72,76,77],{},"Equipment",[72,79,80],{},"Function",[82,83,84,100,114],"tbody",{},[69,85,86,90,97],{},[87,88,89],"td",{},"1",[87,91,92],{},[93,94,96],"a",{"href":95},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdust-catcher","Dust catcher",[87,98,99],{},"Large inertial separator removing coarse particulate",[69,101,102,105,111],{},[87,103,104],{},"2",[87,106,107],{},[93,108,110],{"href":109},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fventuri-scrubber","Venturi scrubber",[87,112,113],{},"High-energy wet scrubbing for fine particulate",[69,115,116,119,125],{},[87,117,118],{},"3",[87,120,121],{},[93,122,124],{"href":123},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwet-esp","Wet ESP",[87,126,127],{},"Final polish for sub-micron particulate",[129,130,132],"h2",{"id":131},"sonic-horn-duty","Sonic-horn duty",[56,134,135,139],{},[93,136,138],{"href":137},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","Sonic horns"," on the dust-catcher hopper prevent bridging of the coarse iron-oxide dust. Some installations also use horns on the wet-ESP sludge handling hoppers.",[129,141,143],{"id":142},"related-terms","Related terms",[145,146,147,152,156,161],"ul",{},[148,149,150],"li",{},[93,151,96],{"href":95},[148,153,154],{},[93,155,110],{"href":109},[148,157,158],{},[93,159,160],{"href":123},"Wet ESP (WESP)",[148,162,163],{},[93,164,165],{"href":137},"Sonic horn",{"title":167,"searchDepth":168,"depth":168,"links":169},"",2,[170,171],{"id":131,"depth":168,"text":132},{"id":142,"depth":168,"text":143},"steel-refining","Blast-furnace gas cleaning is the multi-stage flue-gas treatment train that removes particulate from the blast furnace's top gas before the gas is used as a fuel in the steelworks' downstream boilers and stoves. The high pressure and high dust loading of blast-furnace top gas demand a sequence of progressively finer cleaning steps:","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Fblast-furnace-gas-cleaning",[179,180,181,182],"dust-catcher","venturi-scrubber","wet-esp","sonic-horn",{"title":184,"description":185},"Blast-furnace gas cleaning — multi-stage train for top-gas particulate removal","Blast-furnace top gas is cleaned in a multi-stage train: dust catcher, Venturi scrubber, wet ESP. Bridging in dust-catcher hoppers is a recurring operational issue.",[187],{"title":188,"url":189},"Wikipedia — Blast furnace","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBlast_furnace","glossary\u002Fblast-furnace-gas-cleaning","jCqWkM__E8bvV4fPa3r7WviLwhXfMI93u1Brn0m27lk",[193,302,390,481],{"id":194,"title":96,"aliases":195,"body":198,"category":290,"description":291,"extension":174,"meta":292,"navigation":176,"path":95,"relatedTerms":293,"seo":295,"sources":298,"stem":300,"term":96,"__hash__":301},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fdust-catcher.md",[196,197],"blast furnace dust catcher","inertial separator",{"type":53,"value":199,"toc":285},[200,207,211,256,260,271,273],[56,201,202,203,206],{},"A ",[59,204,205],{},"dust catcher"," is a large vertical inertial separator at the front of a blast-furnace gas-cleaning train. Top-gas from the blast furnace enters at the top, the gas slows as it expands into the large vessel, and coarse particulate falls out under gravity into a discharge hopper at the base.",[129,208,210],{"id":209},"where-it-sits-in-the-cleaning-train","Where it sits in the cleaning train",[63,212,213,222],{},[66,214,215],{},[69,216,217,220],{},[72,218,219],{},"Step",[72,221,77],{},[82,223,224,231,240],{},[69,225,226,229],{},[87,227,228],{},"1 — coarse separation",[87,230,96],{},[69,232,233,236],{},[87,234,235],{},"2 — fine wet cleaning",[87,237,238],{},[93,239,110],{"href":109},[69,241,242,245],{},[87,243,244],{},"3 — final polish",[87,246,247,248,251,252],{},"Wet ",[93,249,250],{"href":123},"ESP"," or ",[93,253,255],{"href":254},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbaghouse","baghouse",[129,257,259],{"id":258},"cleaning-the-dust-catcher","Cleaning the dust catcher",[56,261,262,263,267,268,270],{},"The dust-catcher hopper accumulates large quantities of coarse iron-bearing dust and is prone to ",[93,264,266],{"href":265},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbridging","bridging",". ",[93,269,138],{"href":137}," at the hopper outlet keep the dust flowing and reduce interruptions to the gas-cleaning train.",[129,272,143],{"id":142},[145,274,275,281],{},[148,276,277],{},[93,278,280],{"href":279},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcyclone-separator","Cyclone separator",[148,282,283],{},[93,284,110],{"href":109},{"title":167,"searchDepth":168,"depth":168,"links":286},[287,288,289],{"id":209,"depth":168,"text":210},{"id":258,"depth":168,"text":259},{"id":142,"depth":168,"text":143},"hrsg-gas-path","A dust catcher is a large vertical inertial separator at the front of a blast-furnace gas-cleaning train. Top-gas from the blast furnace enters at the top, the gas slows as it expands into the large vessel, and coarse particulate falls out under gravity into a discharge hopper at the base.",{},[294,180],"cyclone-separator",{"title":296,"description":297},"Dust catcher — primary inertial separator for blast-furnace gas cleaning","A dust catcher is a large vertical inertial separator used in blast-furnace gas cleaning to remove coarse particulate before downstream wet scrubbers or fabric filters.",[299],{"title":188,"url":189},"glossary\u002Fdust-catcher","-2irlo-5xmwPedwppOylqMoBqM-sMGMBGnulBHFd59o",{"id":303,"title":110,"aliases":304,"body":306,"category":290,"description":377,"extension":174,"meta":378,"navigation":176,"path":109,"relatedTerms":379,"seo":381,"sources":384,"stem":388,"term":110,"__hash__":389},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fventuri-scrubber.md",[305],"venturi wet scrubber",{"type":53,"value":307,"toc":372},[308,313,317,334,338,354,356],[56,309,202,310,312],{},[59,311,110],{}," is a high-energy wet scrubber that atomises scrubbing liquid into a high-velocity throat where the liquid droplets intercept and trap fine particulate. The cleaned gas-and-droplet stream then passes to a downstream cyclonic separator that knocks out the wet droplets.",[129,314,316],{"id":315},"applications","Applications",[145,318,319,325,328,331],{},[148,320,321,322,324],{},"Blast-furnace gas cleaning (after the ",[93,323,205],{"href":95},", before wet ESP)",[148,326,327],{},"Hazardous-waste incinerator off-gas",[148,329,330],{},"Chemical and pharmaceutical process exhaust where sticky aerosols defeat dry collection",[148,332,333],{},"Pulp-and-paper recovery-boiler vent-stack scrubbing",[129,335,337],{"id":336},"sonic-horn-relevance","Sonic-horn relevance",[56,339,340,341,345,346,349,350,353],{},"Venturi scrubbers themselves are continuously wetted and rarely benefit from acoustic cleaning. However, the ",[342,343,344],"em",{},"upstream"," dust catcher and the ",[342,347,348],{},"downstream"," sludge handling hoppers do — ",[93,351,352],{"href":137},"sonic horns"," at those points prevent the sludge bridging that interrupts scrubber operation.",[129,355,143],{"id":142},[145,357,358,362,366],{},[148,359,360],{},[93,361,96],{"href":95},[148,363,364],{},[93,365,160],{"href":123},[148,367,368],{},[93,369,371],{"href":370},"\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","Electrostatic precipitator",{"title":167,"searchDepth":168,"depth":168,"links":373},[374,375,376],{"id":315,"depth":168,"text":316},{"id":336,"depth":168,"text":337},{"id":142,"depth":168,"text":143},"A Venturi scrubber is a high-energy wet scrubber that atomises scrubbing liquid into a high-velocity throat where the liquid droplets intercept and trap fine particulate. The cleaned gas-and-droplet stream then passes to a downstream cyclonic separator that knocks out the wet droplets.",{},[179,181,380],"electrostatic-precipitator",{"title":382,"description":383},"Venturi scrubber — high-energy wet scrubber for fine particulate","A Venturi scrubber atomises scrubbing liquid into a high-velocity throat where it intercepts and traps fine particulate. Common on blast-furnace gas cleaning and chemical off-gas duty.",[385],{"title":386,"url":387},"Wikipedia — Venturi scrubber","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FVenturi_scrubber","glossary\u002Fventuri-scrubber","yVNOyd7QrxVArzFVSZWaxygqCFuoXilVu3dv33FwFNs",{"id":391,"title":160,"aliases":392,"body":396,"category":465,"description":466,"extension":174,"meta":467,"navigation":176,"path":123,"relatedTerms":468,"seo":471,"sources":474,"stem":478,"term":479,"__hash__":480},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fwet-esp.md",[393,394,395],"WESP","wet electrostatic precipitator","wet ESPs",{"type":53,"value":397,"toc":460},[398,416,420,423,427,436,438],[56,399,202,400,403,404,406,407,410,411,415],{},[59,401,402],{},"wet electrostatic precipitator (WESP)"," is an ",[93,405,250],{"href":370}," in which the collecting surfaces are continuously washed with water rather than rapped dry. WESPs are specified where the particulate is sub-micron, sticky, hygroscopic or acidic — typically downstream of ",[93,408,409],{"href":370},"FGD scrubbers",", on ",[93,412,414],{"href":413},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","biomass"," and waste-to-energy plants, in coke-oven flue paths and on certain refinery and metals off-gas streams.",[129,417,419],{"id":418},"tube-type-vs-plate-type-wesps","Tube-type vs plate-type WESPs",[56,421,422],{},"Most WESPs are tube-type, with vertical cylindrical collectors and a coaxial discharge electrode in each tube. Plate-type WESPs also exist for retrofit duty into existing dry-ESP shells. Water sluicing is either continuous, intermittent flushing, or condensate-driven.",[129,424,426],{"id":425},"where-sonic-horns-help","Where sonic horns help",[56,428,429,430,267,433,435],{},"The wash-water film usually keeps the collecting surfaces clean, but solids accumulate in the ",[59,431,432],{},"sumps and dust-handling hoppers below the WESP",[93,434,138],{"href":137}," prevent sludge bridging and pluggage in these low-level hoppers and pipework, where conventional rapping is impractical and manual cleaning is hazardous.",[129,437,143],{"id":142},[145,439,440,444,450,456],{},[148,441,442],{},[93,443,371],{"href":370},[148,445,446],{},[93,447,449],{"href":448},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fplate-type-esp-tube-type-esp","Plate-type ESP \u002F tube-type ESP",[148,451,452],{},[93,453,455],{"href":454},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcorona-discharge","Corona discharge",[148,457,458],{},[93,459,165],{"href":137},{"title":167,"searchDepth":168,"depth":168,"links":461},[462,463,464],{"id":418,"depth":168,"text":419},{"id":425,"depth":168,"text":426},{"id":142,"depth":168,"text":143},"esp","A wet electrostatic precipitator (WESP) is an ESP in which the collecting surfaces are continuously washed with water rather than rapped dry. WESPs are specified where the particulate is sub-micron, sticky, hygroscopic or acidic — typically downstream of FGD scrubbers, on biomass and waste-to-energy plants, in coke-oven flue paths and on certain refinery and metals off-gas streams.",{},[380,469,470,182],"plate-type-esp-tube-type-esp","corona-discharge",{"title":472,"description":473},"Wet ESP (WESP) — definition, applications and cleaning issues","A wet electrostatic precipitator continuously washes its collecting surfaces with water, used for sub-micron particulate, acid mist and sticky aerosols downstream of FGD or biomass scrubbers.",[475],{"title":476,"url":477},"Wikipedia — Electrostatic precipitator","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FElectrostatic_precipitator","glossary\u002Fwet-esp","Wet electrostatic precipitator","y9WXPV9UgI-euyX7Gvtpd4HQjiXQ-8yMrDGvpZkJcgM",{"id":482,"title":165,"aliases":483,"body":486,"category":691,"description":692,"extension":174,"meta":693,"navigation":176,"path":137,"relatedTerms":694,"seo":701,"sources":704,"stem":714,"term":165,"__hash__":715},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn.md",[352,484,485],"sonic cleaning horn","industrial sonic horn",{"type":53,"value":487,"toc":684},[488,521,525,533,537,599,603,640,644,652,654],[56,489,202,490,493,494,498,499,502,503,502,507,502,511,515,516,520],{},[59,491,492],{},"sonic horn"," is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of ",[93,495,497],{"href":496},"\u002Fglossary\u002Facoustic-cleaner","acoustic cleaner"," and the default specification for cleaning ",[93,500,501],{"href":370},"ESPs",", ",[93,504,506],{"href":505},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffabric-filter","baghouses",[93,508,510],{"href":509},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fselective-catalytic-reduction","SCR catalysts",[93,512,514],{"href":513},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater","boiler heat-transfer surfaces"," and ",[93,517,519],{"href":518},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhopper","hoppers and silos",".",[129,522,524],{"id":523},"how-a-sonic-horn-works","How a sonic horn works",[56,526,527,528,532],{},"Compressed plant air admitted through a ",[93,529,531],{"href":530},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsolenoid-valve","solenoid valve"," drives a metal diaphragm — typically titanium or 316 stainless — into resonant oscillation at the horn's fundamental frequency. The oscillating pressure field is amplified by an exponential bell horn and projected into the vessel as a near-spherical sound wave. Particulate already deposited on internal surfaces receives an oscillating acceleration that overcomes adhesion; loosened material is then carried out with the gas flow before it can sinter, bridge or bond. Because the cleaning is acoustic and non-contact, the horn can fire while the plant is online without tube erosion, refractory damage or thermal shock.",[129,534,536],{"id":535},"key-parameters","Key parameters",[63,538,539,549],{},[66,540,541],{},[69,542,543,546],{},[72,544,545],{},"Parameter",[72,547,548],{},"Typical range",[82,550,551,559,567,575,583,591],{},[69,552,553,556],{},[87,554,555],{},"Fundamental frequency",[87,557,558],{},"60–400 Hz",[69,560,561,564],{},[87,562,563],{},"Sound pressure level",[87,565,566],{},"140–180 dB",[69,568,569,572],{},[87,570,571],{},"Compressed-air consumption",[87,573,574],{},"8–14 Nm³\u002Fmin at 4–7 bar",[69,576,577,580],{},[87,578,579],{},"Operating temperature (with appropriate materials)",[87,581,582],{},"−40 °C to +500 °C",[69,584,585,588],{},[87,586,587],{},"Firing cycle",[87,589,590],{},"5–15 s burst, repeated every 3–15 minutes",[69,592,593,596],{},[87,594,595],{},"Mass",[87,597,598],{},"15–60 kg depending on horn size",[129,600,602],{"id":601},"frequency-selection","Frequency selection",[56,604,605,606,502,610,614,615,502,619,623,624,502,627,631,632,515,636,520],{},"Lower frequencies (60–125 Hz) project longer wavelengths and penetrate further into large open vessels — ",[93,607,609],{"href":608},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpreheater-cyclone","preheater cyclones",[93,611,613],{"href":612},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frecovery-boiler","recovery-boiler superheaters",", large ",[93,616,618],{"href":617},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-field-bus-section","ESP fields",[93,620,622],{"href":621},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsilo","silos",". Higher frequencies (230–400 Hz) carry more energy per unit volume and suit finer dust loads in ",[93,625,626],{"href":505},"fabric-filter compartments",[93,628,630],{"href":629},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhoneycomb-catalyst","catalyst layers"," and smaller hopper geometries. See ",[93,633,635],{"href":634},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","low-frequency acoustic cleaner",[93,637,639],{"href":638},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhigh-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","high-frequency acoustic cleaner",[129,641,643],{"id":642},"sonic-horn-vs-steam-sootblower","Sonic horn vs steam sootblower",[56,645,646,647,651],{},"Sonic horns are increasingly specified alongside or in place of ",[93,648,650],{"href":649},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsteam-sootblower","steam sootblowers"," because they consume no boiler-grade steam, cause no tube erosion, require almost no moving parts and can fire every few minutes without operator intervention. They are less effective on hard, fused slag than retractable steam lances, so on furnace waterwalls and high-temperature superheaters they typically complement rather than replace mechanical cleaning.",[129,653,143],{"id":142},[145,655,656,661,667,673,679],{},[148,657,658],{},[93,659,660],{"href":496},"Acoustic cleaner",[148,662,663],{},[93,664,666],{"href":665},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-sootblower","Sonic sootblower",[148,668,669],{},[93,670,672],{"href":671},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbell-horn","Bell horn",[148,674,675],{},[93,676,678],{"href":677},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdiaphragm-horn","Diaphragm horn",[148,680,681],{},[93,682,683],{"href":634},"Low-frequency acoustic cleaner",{"title":167,"searchDepth":168,"depth":168,"links":685},[686,687,688,689,690],{"id":523,"depth":168,"text":524},{"id":535,"depth":168,"text":536},{"id":601,"depth":168,"text":602},{"id":642,"depth":168,"text":643},{"id":142,"depth":168,"text":143},"core-technology","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of acoustic cleaner and the default specification for cleaning ESPs, baghouses, SCR catalysts, boiler heat-transfer surfaces and hoppers and silos.",{},[695,696,697,698,699,700],"acoustic-cleaner","acoustic-cleaning-system","sonic-sootblower","bell-horn","diaphragm-horn","low-frequency-acoustic-cleaner",{"title":702,"description":703},"Sonic horn — definition, frequency, SPL and industrial applications","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven low-frequency sound emitter (typically 60–400 Hz at 140–180 dB SPL) used to dislodge particulate fouling from boilers, ESPs, baghouses and process vessels.",[705,708,711],{"title":706,"url":707},"Power Engineering — Sonic Horns: A User's Introduction","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Fsonic-horns-a-userrsquos-introduction\u002F",{"title":709,"url":710},"Power Engineering — Tuning in to Acoustic Cleaning","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Ftuning-in-to-acoustic-cleaning\u002F",{"title":712,"url":713},"Wikipedia — Sonic soot blowers","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSonic_soot_blowers","glossary\u002Fsonic-horn","YzrhN0kKzqSaQo0wfn0rueNZ-V43mcg5zahqeWi3lnU",1782613756388]