[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":631},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:attemperator-desuperheater":45,"glossary-related:attemperator-desuperheater":156},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":52,"category":139,"description":140,"extension":141,"meta":142,"navigation":143,"path":144,"relatedTerms":145,"seo":146,"sources":149,"stem":153,"term":154,"__hash__":155},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fattemperator-desuperheater.md","Attemperator \u002F desuperheater",[49,50,51],"attemperator","desuperheater","spray attemperator",{"type":53,"value":54,"toc":132},"minimark",[55,77,82,85,96,100,108,112],[56,57,58,59,62,63,65,66,71,72,76],"p",{},"An ",[60,61,49],"strong",{}," (or ",[60,64,50],{},") sprays demineralised water into ",[67,68,70],"a",{"href":69},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater","superheater"," or ",[67,73,75],{"href":74},"\u002Fglossary\u002Freheater","reheater"," steam to control outlet temperature. The water flashes to steam, lowers temperature by mixing, and is then re-superheated in subsequent tube banks. Attemperator action is the primary control loop for superheater outlet temperature.",[78,79,81],"h2",{"id":80},"why-attemperation-flow-indicates-fouling","Why attemperation flow indicates fouling",[56,83,84],{},"When a superheater is clean, the tubes absorb the designed amount of heat from flue gas and the attemperator removes a known amount of excess to hit the steam set-point. As fouling reduces heat absorption, the steam emerging from the superheater is cooler than designed, attemperator flow falls, and the operator sees the cooler steam as a process drift.",[56,86,87,90,91,95],{},[60,88,89],{},"Falling attemperation flow at constant load is one of the earliest signs of progressive superheater fouling."," Performance engineers track it as a leading indicator before ",[67,92,94],{"href":93},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fheat-rate","heat rate"," drift becomes obvious.",[78,97,99],{"id":98},"sonic-horn-relevance","Sonic-horn relevance",[56,101,102,103,107],{},"Restoring attemperation margin by ",[67,104,106],{"href":105},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","sonic-horn"," cleaning of superheaters and reheaters is a frequently-quoted commissioning result: a unit with falling attemperation flow regains 5–15 °C of headroom within weeks of horn installation.",[78,109,111],{"id":110},"related-terms","Related terms",[113,114,115,122,127],"ul",{},[116,117,118],"li",{},[67,119,121],{"href":120},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fboiler","Boiler",[116,123,124],{},[67,125,126],{"href":69},"Superheater",[116,128,129],{},[67,130,131],{"href":74},"Reheater",{"title":133,"searchDepth":134,"depth":134,"links":135},"",2,[136,137,138],{"id":80,"depth":134,"text":81},{"id":98,"depth":134,"text":99},{"id":110,"depth":134,"text":111},"boiler","An attemperator (or desuperheater) sprays demineralised water into superheater or reheater steam to control outlet temperature. The water flashes to steam, lowers temperature by mixing, and is then re-superheated in subsequent tube banks. Attemperator action is the primary control loop for superheater outlet temperature.","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Fattemperator-desuperheater",[139,70,75],{"title":147,"description":148},"Attemperator and desuperheater — controlling superheater outlet temperature","An attemperator (or desuperheater) sprays demineralised water into superheater steam to control outlet temperature. Falling attemperation is a leading symptom of superheater fouling.",[150],{"title":151,"url":152},"Wikipedia — Desuperheater","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDesuperheater","glossary\u002Fattemperator-desuperheater","Attemperator and desuperheater","pLv2rPwkvR8gwL-NuyxCBY9qKeo4qu8LP-Qo5owQuTw",[157,405,553],{"id":158,"title":121,"aliases":159,"body":163,"category":139,"description":384,"extension":141,"meta":385,"navigation":143,"path":120,"relatedTerms":386,"seo":393,"sources":396,"stem":403,"term":121,"__hash__":404},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fboiler.md",[160,161,162],"industrial boiler","utility boiler","steam generator",{"type":53,"value":164,"toc":379},[165,193,197,315,319,347,349],[56,166,167,168,170,171,175,176,179,180,184,185,179,189,192],{},"A ",[60,169,139],{}," is a closed vessel in which fuel chemical energy is converted to steam by transferring heat into water flowing through tube banks. Industrial and utility boilers serve electricity generation, district heating, process steam, ",[67,172,174],{"href":173},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","WtE",", ",[67,177,178],{"href":173},"biomass"," and ",[67,181,183],{"href":182},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frecovery-boiler","pulp-and-paper"," operations. All of them foul; the only variables are ",[186,187,188],"em",{},"how much",[186,190,191],{},"with what",".",[78,194,196],{"id":195},"boiler-families","Boiler families",[198,199,200,216],"table",{},[201,202,203],"thead",{},[204,205,206,210,213],"tr",{},[207,208,209],"th",{},"Type",[207,211,212],{},"Fuel",[207,214,215],{},"Notes",[217,218,219,234,248,262,275,289,300],"tbody",{},[204,220,221,228,231],{},[222,223,224],"td",{},[67,225,227],{"href":226},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpc-boiler","PC boiler",[222,229,230],{},"Pulverised coal",[222,232,233],{},"Dominant utility design",[204,235,236,242,245],{},[222,237,238],{},[67,239,241],{"href":240},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcfb-boiler","CFB boiler",[222,243,244],{},"Coal, biomass, RDF, lignite",[222,246,247],{},"Tolerates wider fuel range; lower NOx",[204,249,250,256,259],{},[222,251,252],{},[67,253,255],{"href":254},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbfb-boiler","BFB boiler",[222,257,258],{},"Biomass, sludge, low-grade fuels",[222,260,261],{},"Bubbling fluidised bed",[204,263,264,269,272],{},[222,265,266],{},[67,267,268],{"href":182},"Recovery boiler",[222,270,271],{},"Black liquor (kraft pulp mills)",[222,273,274],{},"Combines chemicals recovery with steam",[204,276,277,283,286],{},[222,278,279],{},[67,280,282],{"href":281},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhog-fuel-boiler-bark-boiler","Hog-fuel boiler",[222,284,285],{},"Wood waste, bark",[222,287,288],{},"Common at pulp mills as side boilers",[204,290,291,294,297],{},[222,292,293],{},"Gas \u002F oil boiler",[222,295,296],{},"Natural gas, fuel oil",[222,298,299],{},"Lower particulate, less fouling",[204,301,302,305,308],{},[222,303,304],{},"HRSG",[222,306,307],{},"Gas-turbine exhaust",[222,309,310,311],{},"See ",[67,312,314],{"href":313},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fheat-recovery-steam-generator","heat-recovery steam generator",[78,316,318],{"id":317},"where-sonic-horns-sit","Where sonic horns sit",[56,320,321,324,325,175,329,175,332,179,334,338,339,343,344,346],{},[67,322,323],{"href":105},"Sonic horns"," installed across the convective pass — between ",[67,326,328],{"href":327},"\u002Fglossary\u002Feconomiser","economiser",[67,330,331],{"href":69},"superheaters",[67,333,75],{"href":74},[67,335,337],{"href":336},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fair-heater","air heater"," — dislodge ash and soot continuously, supplementing or partially replacing steam ",[67,340,342],{"href":341},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsteam-sootblower","sootblowers",". The benefit shows up as ",[67,345,94],{"href":93}," recovery, deferred outages and longer intervals between water washes.",[78,348,111],{"id":110},[113,350,351,355,359,363,369,374],{},[116,352,353],{},[67,354,227],{"href":226},[116,356,357],{},[67,358,241],{"href":240},[116,360,361],{},[67,362,268],{"href":182},[116,364,365],{},[67,366,368],{"href":367},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaterwall","Waterwall",[116,370,371],{},[67,372,373],{"href":327},"Economiser",[116,375,376],{},[67,377,378],{"href":105},"Sonic horn",{"title":133,"searchDepth":134,"depth":134,"links":380},[381,382,383],{"id":195,"depth":134,"text":196},{"id":317,"depth":134,"text":318},{"id":110,"depth":134,"text":111},"A boiler is a closed vessel in which fuel chemical energy is converted to steam by transferring heat into water flowing through tube banks. Industrial and utility boilers serve electricity generation, district heating, process steam, WtE, biomass and pulp-and-paper operations. All of them foul; the only variables are how much and with what.",{},[387,388,389,390,391,328,70,392,106],"pc-boiler","cfb-boiler","bfb-boiler","recovery-boiler","waterwall","air-heater",{"title":394,"description":395},"Boiler — industrial steam generator types and acoustic-cleaning needs","A boiler is a vessel that converts fuel chemical energy into steam by heating water. Coal-fired, biomass, oil, gas and recovery boilers all foul; sonic horns clean heat-transfer surfaces.",[397,400],{"title":398,"url":399},"Wikipedia — Boiler","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBoiler",{"title":401,"url":402},"Babcock & Wilcox — Sootblower and Boiler Cleaning Terminology","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.babcock.com\u002Fhome\u002Fabout\u002Fresources\u002Flearning-center\u002Fsootblower-and-boiler-cleaning-terminology-principles-and-applications","glossary\u002Fboiler","pamAnZGo_UeIedDHhYrfv0nP3GCXkNTGi0a197n4b5Q",{"id":406,"title":126,"aliases":407,"body":411,"category":139,"description":538,"extension":141,"meta":539,"navigation":143,"path":69,"relatedTerms":540,"seo":544,"sources":547,"stem":551,"term":126,"__hash__":552},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater.md",[331,408,409,410],"primary superheater","secondary superheater","finishing superheater",{"type":53,"value":412,"toc":533},[413,423,427,463,467,476,499,502,504],[56,414,167,415,417,418,422],{},[60,416,70],{}," is a tube bank in a boiler's ",[67,419,421],{"href":420},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fconvective-pass-backpass","convective pass"," that raises the steam temperature beyond its saturation point using residual heat from the flue gas. Most utility boilers have at least two superheater stages: a primary superheater (cooler gas) and a secondary or finishing superheater (closest to the furnace, hottest gas).",[78,424,426],{"id":425},"fouling","Fouling",[113,428,429,443,449],{},[116,430,431,437,438,442],{},[60,432,433],{},[67,434,436],{"href":435},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fslagging","Slagging"," on the finishing superheater — semi-molten ash from the ",[67,439,441],{"href":440},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffurnace","furnace"," deposits on the hottest tubes",[116,444,445,448],{},[60,446,447],{},"Bonded ash"," on the primary superheater — drier deposits that sinter under sustained temperature",[116,450,451,454,455,175,457,179,459,462],{},[60,452,453],{},"Sodium \u002F potassium-rich deposits"," on ",[67,456,178],{"href":173},[67,458,174],{"href":173},[67,460,461],{"href":182},"recovery boilers"," — sticky, low-melting, aggressive",[78,464,466],{"id":465},"cleaning","Cleaning",[56,468,469,470,179,472,475],{},"Steam ",[67,471,342],{"href":341},[67,473,474],{"href":105},"sonic horns"," work together:",[113,477,478,481,489],{},[116,479,480],{},"Sootblowers attack hard slag on the finishing superheater",[116,482,483,484,488],{},"Sonic horns (",[67,485,487],{"href":486},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","60–125 Hz",") keep dry ash from consolidating on the primary superheater and convective superheater",[116,490,491,495,496,498],{},[67,492,494],{"href":493},"\u002Fglossary\u002Finfrasonic-cleaner","Infrasonic cleaners"," below 30 Hz are used on deep ",[67,497,390],{"href":182}," superheater cavities",[56,500,501],{},"The combination extends the interval between major water-washes and reduces steam-attemperation requirements that mask deteriorating heat transfer.",[78,503,111],{"id":110},[113,505,506,510,515,519,523,527],{},[116,507,508],{},[67,509,121],{"href":120},[116,511,512],{},[67,513,514],{"href":420},"Convective pass \u002F backpass",[116,516,517],{},[67,518,131],{"href":74},[116,520,521],{},[67,522,436],{"href":435},[116,524,525],{},[67,526,378],{"href":105},[116,528,529],{},[67,530,532],{"href":531},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-sootblower","Sonic sootblower",{"title":133,"searchDepth":134,"depth":134,"links":534},[535,536,537],{"id":425,"depth":134,"text":426},{"id":465,"depth":134,"text":466},{"id":110,"depth":134,"text":111},"A superheater is a tube bank in a boiler's convective pass that raises the steam temperature beyond its saturation point using residual heat from the flue gas. Most utility boilers have at least two superheater stages: a primary superheater (cooler gas) and a secondary or finishing superheater (closest to the furnace, hottest gas).",{},[139,541,75,542,106,543],"convective-pass-backpass","slagging","sonic-sootblower",{"title":545,"description":546},"Superheater — boiler tube bank that raises steam temperature beyond saturation","A superheater is a tube bank that raises steam temperature beyond the saturation point using flue-gas heat. Sticky alkali ash and slag deposits are the dominant fouling concerns.",[548],{"title":549,"url":550},"Wikipedia — Superheater","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSuperheater","glossary\u002Fsuperheater","hYVXyyVmlWCU3AXfAl0l3YAhHpWty_akkDsBJGC_NDs",{"id":554,"title":131,"aliases":555,"body":558,"category":139,"description":621,"extension":141,"meta":622,"navigation":143,"path":74,"relatedTerms":623,"seo":624,"sources":627,"stem":629,"term":131,"__hash__":630},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Freheater.md",[556,557],"reheaters","reheat section",{"type":53,"value":559,"toc":615},[560,567,571,577,579,582,584,595,597],[56,561,167,562,417,564,566],{},[60,563,75],{},[67,565,421],{"href":420}," that re-superheats steam returning from the high-pressure (HP) turbine before it enters the intermediate-pressure (IP) turbine. Reheat improves overall plant efficiency and reduces steam moisture content in the LP turbine stages.",[78,568,570],{"id":569},"where-it-sits","Where it sits",[56,572,573,574,576],{},"In a typical utility-boiler convective pass, the reheater sits between the secondary ",[67,575,70],{"href":69}," and the primary superheater, in a temperature range that recovers heat efficiently without exceeding tube-metal limits. Some boilers have two reheat stages.",[78,578,426],{"id":425},[56,580,581],{},"Reheater fouling follows the same pattern as the convective superheater: bonded ash on tube surfaces, occasional slag bridging in extreme cases. Outlet steam-temperature deviation is a leading symptom — falling reheat outlet temperature signals fouling reducing heat absorption.",[78,583,466],{"id":465},[56,585,586,588,589,592,593,192],{},[67,587,323],{"href":105}," are well suited to reheater cleaning because the deposits are predominantly dry. Combined with periodic steam ",[67,590,591],{"href":531},"sootblowing",", they maintain reheater outlet temperature and protect the unit's ",[67,594,94],{"href":93},[78,596,111],{"id":110},[113,598,599,603,607,611],{},[116,600,601],{},[67,602,121],{"href":120},[116,604,605],{},[67,606,126],{"href":69},[116,608,609],{},[67,610,514],{"href":420},[116,612,613],{},[67,614,378],{"href":105},{"title":133,"searchDepth":134,"depth":134,"links":616},[617,618,619,620],{"id":569,"depth":134,"text":570},{"id":425,"depth":134,"text":426},{"id":465,"depth":134,"text":466},{"id":110,"depth":134,"text":111},"A reheater is a tube bank in a boiler's convective pass that re-superheats steam returning from the high-pressure (HP) turbine before it enters the intermediate-pressure (IP) turbine. Reheat improves overall plant efficiency and reduces steam moisture content in the LP turbine stages.",{},[139,70,541,106],{"title":625,"description":626},"Reheater — boiler tube bank that re-superheats partially-expanded steam","A reheater is a tube bank in the boiler's convective pass that re-superheats steam returning from the HP turbine before it enters the IP turbine.",[628],{"title":398,"url":399},"glossary\u002Freheater","XRFivXVrBNHuAf0pa3jm4fF6BiJP2Z3jS5gz0vyyDt0",1782613724372]